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Pennsylvania

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State snapshot

Pennsylvania facts

Explore dated, statewide figures across taxes and the economy, housing, public safety, health, education, and other civic topics.

Explore Pennsylvania individual facts and compare every state →

13 topic facts + fiscal overview + 8 state trends + 1710 reviewed government links

Public money

How Pennsylvania funds state services

The FY2026–27 enacted General Fund appropriation, audited statewide tax revenue, and appropriations by service area. Each section keeps its own fiscal period and accounting scope; state and local taxes are separate.

Enacted budget plan

$50.8BFY2026–27

Signed July 12, 2026

FY2026–27 enacted General Fund appropriation

July 1, 2026–June 30, 2027

Exact reported total: $50,849,279,000

Enacted General Fund appropriations reported in the Commonwealth's official tracking run. This is the principal tax-supported fund, not an all-funds total and not a forecast of government-wide GAAP expenses.

Pennsylvania Governor's Office of the Budget: 2026–27 Enacted Budget — General Fund Appropriations

FY2025 audited actual

Where state tax revenue comes from

$51.7B$51,663,707,000

Shares of the $51.7 billion in taxes reported as general revenue by Pennsylvania's governmental activities. This denominator excludes federal grants, service charges, investment income, business-type activities, and locally collected property taxes.

Personal income tax$18.0B · 34.8%

The largest audited tax general-revenue source for Pennsylvania's governmental activities.

Sales and use tax$16.2B · 31.3%

State sales and use tax revenue recognized in the audited government-wide statement.

Corporation taxes$6.7B · 13.0%

Corporate net income and other corporation-tax revenue reported together in the audited statement.

Liquid-fuels and motor-carrier taxes$3.6B · 7.0%

Transportation-related fuel and motor-carrier taxes.

Gaming taxes$2.8B · 5.4%

Audited state tax revenue associated with gaming activity.

Inheritance, cigarette, realty-transfer, and other taxes$4.5B · 8.6%

The complete combined total of the four remaining audited tax lines.

FY2026–27 enacted appropriations

FY2026–27 General Fund spending plan

$50.8B$50,849,279,000

Every department total in the $50.8 billion General Fund tracking run is included exactly once in these grouped service areas, which reconcile to the enacted total above.

Education and higher education$21.3B · 41.9%

Pre-K–12 education, community colleges, state-related universities, the State System, and student assistance.

Human services and health$20.2B · 39.7%

Medical assistance, long-term care, child welfare, mental-health services, public health, and related support.

Public safety, corrections, and courts$5.2B · 10.2%

Corrections, State Police, Attorney General, emergency management, and the judiciary.

General-obligation debt service$1.4B · 2.8%

The enacted Treasury appropriation for General Obligation Debt Service.

Economic development, agriculture, and environment$1.1B · 2.2%

Community and economic development, agriculture, conservation and natural resources, and environmental protection.

All other departments and support$1.7B · 3.3%

The complete remainder, including general administration, labor, veterans, elections, revenue, legislature, and other support agencies.

Tax structure

Common statewide rates

Property and district rates can be local. Each card states the applicable scope.

Personal income tax

3.07%Flat state rate applied to Pennsylvania taxable income across eight statutory classes of income.Pennsylvania Department of Revenue: Personal Income Tax

Sales and use tax

6% stateAllegheny County adds 1% and Philadelphia adds 2% to taxable purchases delivered in those jurisdictions.Pennsylvania Department of Revenue: Sales, Use and Hotel Occupancy Tax

Corporate net income tax

7.49% in 2026The scheduled rate falls to 6.99% for tax years beginning in 2027 and continues stepping down to 4.99% in 2031.Pennsylvania Department of Revenue: Corporate Net Income Tax

Property tax

Local rates varyThere is no general statewide real-property rate; counties, municipalities, and school districts levy local rates on assessed property.Pennsylvania Department of Education: Real Estate Tax Rates by School District and Locality

Latest audited results

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Audited government-wide activity for Pennsylvania's primary government. Revenue is the sum of program and general revenue in the Statement of Activities; these are accounting results, not the FY2026–27 General Fund appropriation.

Pennsylvania Governor's Office of the Budget: 2025 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, Statement of Activities

Government-wide revenue: $119.2B
Government-wide expenses: $118.0B

Method, scope, and limitations

FactVote transcribed the exact enacted General Fund total and grouped every department total from the official tracking run into mutually exclusive service areas. Audited tax-source shares and government-wide results come from the FY2025 Statement of Activities. Shares are recalculated from exact amounts within each section; General Fund appropriations and audited accrual results are never mixed.

Pennsylvania's $50.8 billion enacted headline covers the General Fund only; it excludes special state funds, federal funds, and other non-General-Fund activity.
Appropriations are legal spending authority and may differ from actual cash disbursements or later audited expenses.
Local real-property taxes and local portions of sales taxes are not included in the state governmental-activity tax total.

Last verified August 28, 2026 · Review by July 31, 2027 · Pennsylvania figures refresh annually.

Taxes and the economy

Taxes, government spending, jobs, wages, and small business.

Taxes and economy

$77,971

Median household income

2020–2024 estimate

Median money income received by Pennsylvania households, expressed in inflation-adjusted 2024 dollars.

View breakdowns and source

Additional household measure

People below the poverty threshold: 11.6%

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts estimate derived from the American Community Survey.

Keep in mind

Household income is not take-home pay and does not directly account for taxes, benefits, household size, debt, or regional cost differences.
The poverty measure and income estimate are multi-year survey measures, not current economic forecasts.

Related state trends

Taxes and economy over time

Employment and unemployment place the latest economic facts in a longer statewide context.

Work

Employment and unemployment

3.8%unemployed

The unemployment rate is paired with employed Pennsylvanians indexed to 2015, so job recovery and labor-market slack remain readable on separate scales.

Unemployment rate
Employed people

Unemployment rate: 3.8%
Employed people: 6.3M
Employment since 2015: +3.2%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Unemployment rate

Pennsylvania: 3.8%
U.S. benchmark: 4.0%
State rank #1 has the highest unemployment rate — worse: #22 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics via FRED: National unemployment rate

View chart data

Year	Unemployment rate	Employed people	Employment index
2015	5.4%	6,125,042	100.0
2016	5.3%	6,174,246	100.8
2017	5.0%	6,171,500	100.8
2018	4.4%	6,225,638	101.6
2019	4.3%	6,291,463	102.7
2020	8.8%	5,926,898	96.8
2021	5.9%	6,059,176	98.9
2022	4.2%	6,209,321	101.4
2023	3.7%	6,318,060	103.2
2024	3.8%	6,321,263	103.2

Method and limitations

FactVote uses BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics annual averages for the statewide unemployment rate and civilian employment. The chart converts employment to an index with 2015 equal to 100; the data table retains the published employment level.

LAUS estimates are revised each year through the program's annual processing cycle.
Employment is residence-based civilian employment, not a count of jobs located in the state.
Annual averages smooth within-year changes.

Housing and property costs

Housing supply, affordability, renters, zoning, and property costs.

Housing

$1,209/month

Median gross rent

2020–2024 estimate

Median monthly gross rent for occupied rental units paying cash rent, including contract rent and estimated tenant-paid utilities.

View breakdowns and source

Other statewide housing measures

Median owner-occupied home value: $254,500
Owner costs with a mortgage: $1,762/month
Owner-occupied housing rate: 69.3%

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts estimate derived from the American Community Survey.

Keep in mind

This is a statewide multi-year estimate; local rents and current asking rents can differ substantially.
The owner measures describe owner-occupied units and are not estimates of the current cost to purchase a home.

Related state trends

Housing over time

Home values and household income show how Pennsylvania housing costs and purchasing power have changed together.

Housing pressure

Home prices versus income growth

+77.8%home prices

FHFA house prices and BEA personal income per person are indexed to the same starting year. A widening gap signals that home prices are rising faster than this broad income measure.

FHFA home prices
Income per person

Home-price growth: +77.8%
Income growth: +46.8%
Income per person: $74,231

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Home-price growth

Pennsylvania: +77.8%
U.S. benchmark: +86.6%
State rank #1 has the fastest home-price growth — depends on perspective: #33 of 50

Income growth

Pennsylvania: +46.8%
U.S. benchmark: +55.9%
State rank #1 has the fastest income growth — better: #46 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.Federal Housing Finance Agency: U.S. House Price Index U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis via FRED: U.S. personal income per capita

View chart data

Year	FHFA HPI	Home-price index	Income per person	Income index
2016	289.58	100.0	$50,572	100.0
2017	297.44	102.7	$51,886	102.6
2018	307.56	106.2	$54,468	107.7
2019	320.71	110.8	$56,139	111.0
2020	337.51	116.6	$60,281	119.2
2021	377.25	130.3	$64,003	126.6
2022	426.36	147.2	$65,080	128.7
2023	453.54	156.6	$68,101	134.7
2024	484.36	167.3	$70,856	140.1
2025	514.76	177.8	$74,231	146.8

Method and limitations

FactVote averages the four quarterly, not-seasonally-adjusted FHFA all-transactions HPI observations for each year. It compares that series with BEA annual per-capita personal income distributed by FRED, then rebases both to 100 in 2016.

This is a pressure indicator, not a home-price-to-income ratio and not a measure of monthly mortgage affordability.
Both series are nominal; neither is adjusted for inflation.
Per-capita personal income includes earnings, property income, and transfers and is not median household income.

Public safety and criminal justice

Policing, crime prevention, sentencing, incarceration, and rehabilitation.

Public safety and justice

251.3 per 100,000

Reported violent-crime rate

2024

Violent offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

FactVote sums the 12 monthly state offense rates returned by the FBI Crime Data Explorer for each calendar year. The accompanying coverage value is the mean of the 12 monthly population-coverage percentages returned with the same query.

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Pennsylvania's average monthly population coverage was below 90% in 2020, 2021, and 2022; those years are flagged and should not be treated as directly comparable with the high-coverage years.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.4%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

1,466 per 100,000

Reported property-crime rate

2024

Property offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Pennsylvania's average monthly population coverage was below 90% in 2020, 2021, and 2022; those years are flagged and should not be treated as directly comparable with the high-coverage years.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.4%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

39,211

People in Pennsylvania state correctional custody

December 31, 2025

People in Pennsylvania Department of Corrections custody at calendar year-end 2025.

View breakdowns and source

Population by sex

Male: 37,031
Female: 2,180

How it was measured

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections administrative population data published in its official 2025 statistics fact sheet.

Keep in mind

The department's custody count is broader than national state-prison definitions in some contexts and excludes county jails, federal custody, and community supervision.
The count does not by itself measure reported crime, victimization, sentencing policy, recidivism, or prison capacity.

Related state trends

Public safety and justice over time

Reported violent- and property-crime rates are shown with the coverage cautions needed to compare years responsibly.

Public safety

Reported violent and property crime rates

99.4% coverage

Reported offenses per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions. Amber points flag years when average monthly population coverage was below 90%.

Violent crime
Property crime
Partial reporting

Violent crime: 251.3 per 100k
Property crime: 1466.0 per 100k
Population coverage: 99.4%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Violent-crime rate

Pennsylvania: 251.3 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 359.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest violent-crime rate — worse: #35 of 50

Property-crime rate

Pennsylvania: 1466.0 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 1760.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest property-crime rate — worse: #35 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.An asterisk marks a state-year with less than 90% average population coverage. The U.S. figures are FBI national estimates; state figures are reported rates.Federal Bureau of Investigation: UCR Summary of Reported Crimes in the Nation, 2024

View chart data

Year	Violent rate	Property rate	Population coverage
2015	313.8 per 100k	1821.7 per 100k	99.9%
2016	315.3 per 100k	1748.3 per 100k	99.9%
2017	312.9 per 100k	1653.7 per 100k	99.9%
2018	306.4 per 100k	1501.6 per 100k	99.8%
2019	297.8 per 100k	1385.1 per 100k	95.3%
2020	326.4 per 100k	1402.2 per 100k	79.8% · partial
2021	403.5 per 100k	1529.0 per 100k	42.4% · partial
2022	319.4 per 100k	1612.8 per 100k	78.5% · partial
2023	278.2 per 100k	1612.7 per 100k	95.8%
2024	251.3 per 100k	1466.0 per 100k	99.4%

Method and limitations

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Pennsylvania's average monthly population coverage was below 90% in 2020, 2021, and 2022; those years are flagged and should not be treated as directly comparable with the high-coverage years.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.

Healthcare

Coverage, prescription costs, Medicaid, and access to care.

Healthcare

7.2%

People under 65 without health insurance

2024 ACS annual estimate

Share of Pennsylvania’s civilian noninstitutionalized residents under age 65 who lacked comprehensive health-insurance coverage at the time of the ACS survey.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts estimate derived from the American Community Survey.

Keep in mind

This excludes people age 65 and older and is a annual survey estimate rather than a current enrollment count.
Insurance status does not measure affordability, provider availability, coverage adequacy, or quality of care.

Related state trends

Healthcare over time

Health-insurance coverage and life expectancy provide separate views of access and population health over time.

Health coverage

Residents without health insurance

5.8%uninsured

The share of the civilian noninstitutionalized population without health insurance at the time of the American Community Survey interview.

Uninsured rate
90% confidence margin

Uninsured rate: 5.8%
Margin of error: ±0.2 points

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Uninsured rate

Pennsylvania: 5.8%
U.S. benchmark: 8.2%
State rank #1 has the highest uninsured rate — worse: #36 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: HIC-4_ACS health insurance coverage

View chart data

Year	Uninsured rate	90% margin of error
2014	8.5%	±0.2 points
2015	6.4%	±0.1 points
2016	5.6%	±0.2 points
2017	5.5%	±0.2 points
2018	5.5%	±0.1 points
2019	5.8%	±0.2 points
2020	Not released	—
2021	5.5%	±0.2 points
2022	5.3%	±0.2 points
2023	5.4%	±0.2 points
2024	5.8%	±0.2 points

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's HIC-4_ACS historical table. Rates and 90% confidence margins of error are the published ACS 1-year estimates for the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

The Census Bureau did not release the standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates because pandemic-era data collection did not meet its quality standards; the chart preserves that gap.
The rate is a survey estimate and the accompanying margin of error should be considered when comparing nearby values.
Coverage is measured at the interview and does not show how long someone was uninsured during the year.

Health outcomes

Life expectancy at birth

77.3 yearsat birth

Period life expectancy at birth based on Pennsylvania's annual complete life tables and final state-specific death data.

Life expectancy at birth

U.S. comparison & state rank2022

Life expectancy

Pennsylvania: 77.3 years
U.S. benchmark: 77.5 years
State rank #1 has the highest life expectancy — better: #24 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.CDC National Center for Health Statistics: U.S. state life tables, 2018–2022

View chart data

Year	Life expectancy at birth
2018	78.1 years
2019	78.3 years
2020	76.8 years
2021	76.4 years
2022	77.3 years

Method and limitations

FactVote uses CDC National Center for Health Statistics annual complete life-table estimates for the total Pennsylvania population. Values are rounded to the published tenth of a year.

The latest published comparable state series ends in 2022, even though newer national life-expectancy estimates may be available.
Period life expectancy summarizes current mortality rates; it is not a forecast of how long a particular person will live.
The 2020 and 2021 estimates reflect the mortality shock during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education

Public schools, school choice, teachers, and higher education.

Education

92.1%

Adults with at least a high school diploma

2020–2024 estimate

Share of Pennsylvania residents age 25 and older whose reported attainment is a regular high school diploma or equivalent (including GED or an alternative credential), some college, or an associate’s or higher degree.

View breakdowns and source

Additional attainment measure

Bachelor's degree or higher: 35.2%

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts estimate derived from the American Community Survey.

Keep in mind

This measures adult educational attainment, not the current public-school graduation rate or school performance.
It combines people educated in different jurisdictions and time periods.

Related state trends

Education over time

Comparable NAEP assessment years show changes in statewide reading and mathematics performance.

Education

NAEP reading and math scores

215.8Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 and Grade 8 public-school mean scale scores from the Nation's Report Card. Reading and math are shown within each grade on their own panel.

Reading · circle
Math · square

Grade 4 reading: 215.8
Grade 4 math: 238.2
Grade 8 reading: 259.1
Grade 8 math: 276.2

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Grade 4 reading

Pennsylvania: 215.8
U.S. benchmark: 215.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #16 of 50

Grade 4 math

Pennsylvania: 238.2
U.S. benchmark: 237.5
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #22 of 50

Grade 8 reading

Pennsylvania: 259.1
U.S. benchmark: 258.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #19 of 50

Grade 8 math

Pennsylvania: 276.2
U.S. benchmark: 273.8
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #18 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.State ranks use public-school results. The U.S. benchmark includes the national public- and nonpublic-school sample.U.S. Department of Education, NCES: NAEP national results

View chart data

Assessment year	Grade 4 reading	Grade 4 math	Grade 8 reading	Grade 8 math
2003	218.7	235.9	264.3	278.5
2005	222.8	240.6	266.8	280.7
2007	226.4	244.0	267.7	286.2
2009	223.7	243.6	270.7	288.3
2011	227.2	245.7	267.8	286.1
2013	226.4	244.0	272.1	289.6
2015	226.7	243.3	268.7	283.7
2017	224.9	241.7	269.6	286.4
2019	223.2	243.9	264.2	285.0
2022	218.9	237.5	259.1	274.3
2024	215.8	238.2	259.1	276.2

Method and limitations

FactVote uses NAEP Data Service mean scale scores for all public-school students in Pennsylvania. The series uses the total student group and the main reading and mathematics composite scales for Grade 4 and Grade 8.

NAEP is generally administered every two years; the 2021 administration was postponed, so the timeline moves from 2019 to 2022.
NAEP results are estimates from a sample. Statistical significance, not a visual gap alone, determines whether scores differ.
Each grade and subject has its own scale. Follow one line over time rather than comparing the numeric distance between grades or subjects.

Environment and energy

Clean water, conservation, climate, and energy production.

Related state trends

Environment over time

Pennsylvania electricity generation, residential power prices, and gasoline prices show how the state's energy costs and supply have changed.

Energy

Electricity mix and residential price

17.77¢/kWhresidential average

In-state electricity generation by energy source is paired with the annual average residential electricity price on a separate scale.

Natural gas59.6%
Coal5.4%
Nuclear31.2%
Solar0.5%
Hydroelectric1.1%
Wind1.3%
Other0.9%

Residential price: 17.77¢/kWh
Total generation: 241.6 TWh
Largest source: Natural gas · 59.6%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Residential electricity price

Pennsylvania: 17.77¢/kWh
U.S. benchmark: 16.48¢/kWh
State rank #1 has the highest electricity price — worse: #14 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Energy Information Administration: National residential electricity price

View chart data

Year	Total generation	Natural gas	Coal	Nuclear	Solar	Hydroelectric	Wind	Other	Residential price
2015	214.560 TWh	59.455 TWh	64.637 TWh	80.517 TWh	0.078 TWh	2.604 TWh	3.353 TWh	3.916 TWh	13.64¢/kWh
2016	215.058 TWh	68.049 TWh	54.672 TWh	82.924 TWh	0.091 TWh	2.375 TWh	3.476 TWh	3.471 TWh	13.86¢/kWh
2017	213.611 TWh	72.503 TWh	47.634 TWh	83.200 TWh	0.089 TWh	3.123 TWh	3.591 TWh	3.470 TWh	14.23¢/kWh
2018	215.408 TWh	76.391 TWh	44.086 TWh	83.477 TWh	0.085 TWh	4.262 TWh	3.567 TWh	3.541 TWh	13.89¢/kWh
2019	228.995 TWh	98.040 TWh	37.929 TWh	83.230 TWh	0.083 TWh	3.503 TWh	3.250 TWh	2.960 TWh	13.80¢/kWh
2020	230.175 TWh	120.767 TWh	23.458 TWh	76.521 TWh	0.171 TWh	2.672 TWh	3.748 TWh	2.837 TWh	13.58¢/kWh
2021	241.368 TWh	126.665 TWh	29.297 TWh	75.903 TWh	0.260 TWh	3.135 TWh	3.455 TWh	2.653 TWh	13.76¢/kWh
2022	239.306 TWh	130.164 TWh	23.930 TWh	76.166 TWh	0.283 TWh	2.653 TWh	3.572 TWh	2.539 TWh	15.94¢/kWh
2023	235.981 TWh	139.256 TWh	12.835 TWh	75.305 TWh	0.417 TWh	2.783 TWh	3.258 TWh	2.127 TWh	18.10¢/kWh
2024	241.551 TWh	143.913 TWh	13.042 TWh	75.404 TWh	1.147 TWh	2.721 TWh	3.257 TWh	2.068 TWh	17.77¢/kWh

Method and limitations

FactVote combines EIA annual utility-scale generation with estimated small-scale solar generation, then groups sources into seven categories. The residential price is EIA's annual average revenue per kilowatthour and includes generation, transmission, distribution, taxes, and fees reflected in electric bills.

Generation is electricity produced inside Pennsylvania, not electricity consumed there; interstate imports and exports are not represented.
Small-scale solar generation is estimated by EIA. The 'other' category is the residual of remaining reported energy sources.
The residential price is a statewide nominal average and can mask large differences among utilities, plans, and household usage.

Gun policy and public safety

Firearm rights, gun-safety rules, and violence prevention.

Gun policy

1,624

Firearm deaths

2024 final data

Deaths in which firearm injury was recorded as the underlying cause, with the rate age-adjusted per 100,000 residents.

Pennsylvania11.9 per 100,000

United States13.1 per 100,000

Pennsylvania's rate was 1.2 deaths per 100,000 lower than the national rate.

View breakdowns and source

Pennsylvania and U.S. context

Age-adjusted firearm death rate

Pennsylvania: 11.9 per 100,000
United States: 13.1 per 100,000

Pennsylvania's rate was 1.2 deaths per 100,000 lower than the national rate.

Both rates use 2024 National Vital Statistics System mortality data and are age-adjusted.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Firearm Mortality and FastStats — Injuries

Population-adjusted measure

Age-adjusted firearm death rate: 11.9 per 100,000

How it was measured

CDC National Vital Statistics System death-certificate data published through CDC WONDER and Stats of the States.

Keep in mind

The total combines firearm homicides, suicides, accidents, legal-intervention deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent.
Mortality data do not measure nonfatal firearm injuries, defensive uses, gun ownership, or the effect of any specific policy.

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Retirement benefits, Medicare, and the long-term financing of these programs.

Immigration and border policy

Border enforcement, legal immigration, and pathways to citizenship.

Related state trends

Immigration over time

Population change is separated into natural change, domestic migration, and international migration.

People

Population growth and migration

13.1Mresidents

July 1 population estimates alongside the annual changes attributable to births minus deaths, domestic migration, and international migration.

Population
Births minus deaths
Domestic migration
International migration

Births minus deaths: −10.7K
Domestic migration: −2.9K
International migration: +26.9K

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Population

Pennsylvania: 13,059,432
U.S. total: 341,784,857
State rank #1 is most populous — not a performance ranking: #5 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: Vintage 2025 national population estimates

View chart data

Year	Population	Natural change	Domestic migration	International migration	Residual
2020	12,995,576	—	—	—	—
2021	13,016,628	-25,683	28,598	10,199	7,938
2022	12,984,655	-23,644	-40,586	37,147	-4,890
2023	13,009,406	-12,178	-24,570	63,364	-1,865
2024	13,045,848	-9,653	-11,252	58,464	-1,117
2025	13,059,432	-10,708	-2,936	26,921	307

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's Vintage 2025 consistent state series. Population is the July 1 estimate. Change components describe the preceding annual estimates period, and the Census residual adjustment reconciles the components to the published population change.

Vintage estimates are revised as the Census Bureau incorporates newer records and methods.
Domestic and international migration are modeled demographic estimates, not direct counts of every move.
The small residual adjustment is included in the data table but not drawn as a separate bar.

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

Voting access, election administration, ethics, transparency, and corruption.

Democracy and accountability

77.11%

Registered-voter turnout in the 2024 general election

November 5, 2024 general election

Pennsylvania voters with a recorded 2024 general-election vote history as a share of registered voters in the Department of State's finalized statewide summary.

View breakdowns and source

General and primary turnout comparison

General: Nov. 5, 2024 · Primary: May 19, 2026

General election turnout: 77.11%
Primary election turnoutMay 19, 2026 general primary: 21.34%

Both rates use the Department of State's statewide vote-history count divided by registered voters, so the numerator and denominator definitions are consistent across elections.

Pennsylvania's partisan primary is generally limited to registered Democratic and Republican voters, although other voters can participate where a ballot question or concurrent special election applies.
The primary denominator includes all registered voters, including people not eligible for either major-party nomination ballot, so it is a statewide participation rate rather than a rate among party-eligible voters.

Pennsylvania Department of State: 2026 Primary Election Voter Registration Vote History Download official data Review by December 31, 2026

Official participation totals

General-election voters: 7,074,630
General-election registered voters: 9,175,132
2026 primary voters: 1,910,961
2026 primary registered voters: 8,956,108

How it was measured

FactVote divides 7,074,630 voters with a recorded 2024 general-election vote history by 9,175,132 registered voters. The comparison divides 1,910,961 voters in the certified 2026 primary vote-history summary by 8,956,108 registered voters; both rates are rounded to two decimals.

Keep in mind

Registered-voter turnout is not the same as voting-eligible-population or voting-age-population turnout.
Primary eligibility differs from general-election eligibility, and one election's participation rate does not measure election security, accessibility, administrative quality, or public trust.

Abortion and reproductive rights

Access to abortion and reproductive healthcare.

Reproductive rights

32,946

Induced abortions performed in Pennsylvania

2024

Induced abortions reported as performed in Pennsylvania during calendar year 2024.

View breakdowns and source

By clinical estimate of gestation

8 weeks or less: 22,779
9–10 weeks: 4,754
11–12 weeks: 1,853
13–14 weeks: 1,213
15–17 weeks: 1,174
18–20 weeks: 627
21–23 weeks: 546
24 weeks or more: 0

By patient residence

Pennsylvania residents: 30,495
Other states and countries: 2,451

How it was measured

Pennsylvania Department of Health compilation of individual Reports of Induced Termination of Pregnancy filed for procedures performed in the state.

Keep in mind

This is an occurrence-based count and does not include Pennsylvania residents whose procedure occurred outside Pennsylvania.
Reported complications are collected separately, and these procedure counts do not measure access, affordability, or other health outcomes.

Facts are shown for context only and do not affect candidate matching or rankings. Dates, definitions, limitations, and primary sources are included with each figure.

State trends

How Pennsylvania is changing

Eight statewide trend views cover population, work, housing, public safety, education, health coverage, longevity, and energy without mixing unlike reporting periods. Each chart now sits directly beneath its related fact section.

Pennsylvania

FY2026–27 enacted General Fund appropriation

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Taxes and the economy

Additional household measure

How it was measured

Unemployment rate

Housing and property costs

Other statewide housing measures

How it was measured

Home-price growth

Income growth

Public safety and criminal justice

How it was measured

How it was measured

Population by sex

How it was measured

Violent-crime rate

Property-crime rate

Healthcare

How it was measured

Uninsured rate

Life expectancy

Education

Additional attainment measure

How it was measured

Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 math

Grade 8 reading

Grade 8 math

Environment and energy

Other major shares of in-state generation

How it was measured

Residential electricity price

Gun policy and public safety

Pennsylvania and U.S. context

Population-adjusted measure

How it was measured

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Pennsylvania and U.S. context

Beneficiary type

How it was measured

Immigration and border policy

How it was measured

Population

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

General and primary turnout comparison

Official participation totals

How it was measured

Abortion and reproductive rights

By clinical estimate of gestation

By patient residence

How it was measured