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North Dakota

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State snapshot

North Dakota facts

Explore dated, statewide figures across taxes and the economy, housing, public safety, health, education, and other civic topics.

Explore North Dakota individual facts and compare every state →

14 topic facts + fiscal overview + 9 state trends + 15 reviewed government links

Public money

How North Dakota funds state services

North Dakota's enacted 2025–27 all-funds appropriations after the January 2026 special session, FY2025 audited State tax revenue and activity, and current tax rates. Each section preserves its official period and accounting scope.

Enacted budget plan

$20.7B2025–27 biennium

Updated after the January 2026 special session

2025–27 biennium all-funds appropriations

July 1, 2025–June 30, 2027

Exact reported total: $20,684,391,607

Legislative appropriations for the two-year 2025–27 biennium, restated in the Legislative Council's February 2026 budget-status report after the January 2026 special session. The exact total combines General Fund and special-fund appropriations; special funds include federal and other dedicated sources. Appropriations are spending authority for two years, not one year of actual expenditures.

North Dakota Legislative Council: 2025–27 Budget Status Report — February 2026 special-session supplement

2025–27 biennium

How the enacted budget is financed

$20.7B$20,684,391,607

Special funds$14.4B · 69.7%

Federal, dedicated, fee-supported, and other non-General-Fund appropriations reported together by the Legislative Council.

General Fund$6.3B · 30.3%

General Fund appropriations for the 2025–27 biennium after special-session changes.

FY2025 ACFR actual

Where State tax revenue comes from

$5.1B$5,105,240,398

Tax revenue reported as general revenue for North Dakota's primary government on the government-wide Statement of Activities. Locally collected property taxes are not consolidated into these four State tax lines.

Oil, gas, and coal taxes$2.5B · 48.8%

Severance, production, extraction, and related resource-tax revenue grouped on the ACFR statement.

Sales and use taxes$1.8B · 34.4%

State sales-and-use-tax revenue recognized by the primary government's governmental activities.

Individual and corporate income taxes$712.7M · 14.0%

The combined individual- and corporate-income-tax line presented in the government-wide statement.

Business and other taxes$144.7M · 2.8%

The ACFR's residual State business-and-other-tax category.

2025–27 enacted all-funds appropriations

2025–27 appropriations by service area

$20.7B$20,684,391,607

The eight official service areas in the Legislative Council's post-special-session appropriations summary. General Fund and special-fund authority are combined, and the exact category totals reconcile to the $20.684 billion biennial headline.

Education$6.5B · 31.6%

Elementary, secondary, other education, and higher-education appropriations.

Health and welfare$6.5B · 31.4%

Health and Human Services and the other agencies classified in the official health-and-welfare group.

Transportation$2.7B · 13.2%

Department of Transportation appropriations across all funds.

General government$1.7B · 8.1%

Elected offices, courts, central administration, information technology, tax administration, retirement administration, and other general-government functions.

Natural resources$1.1B · 5.2%

Water, parks, game and fish, historical, arts, and related natural-resource appropriations.

Public safety$923.3M · 4.5%

Highway Patrol, Corrections and Rehabilitation, and Adjutant General appropriations.

Regulatory$735.9M · 3.6%

Financial, insurance, utility, labor, aviation, housing, mineral, and other regulatory or enterprise-related agencies.

Agriculture and economic development$542.2M · 2.6%

Commerce, agriculture, research, extension, transportation research, the State Fair, and Racing Commission.

Tax structure

Common statewide rates

Property and district rates can be local. Each card states the applicable scope.

Individual income tax

0%–2.5%North Dakota's published 2026 individual brackets use rates of 0%, 1.95%, and 2.50%; taxable-income thresholds depend on filing status.North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner: Individual Income Tax — Tax Rate

Corporate income tax

1.41%–4.31%The State's graduated corporate-income-tax rates range from 1.41% to 4.31% of North Dakota taxable income.North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner: New Businesses and Contractors

Sales and use tax

5% State + localThe State rate is 5% for most retail sales. City and county sales, use, and special taxes may apply in addition.North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner: Sales and Use Tax

Property tax

Local mill levy variesCounties determine and collect real-property tax for local taxing entities. Residential taxable value is 4.5% of true and full value, then the applicable local mill levy is applied.North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner: Residential Property Tax

Oil production and extraction taxes

5% + 5% standardOil generally faces a 5% gross-production tax and a separate 5% extraction tax on gross value, with exclusions, exemptions, reduced rates, and a limited tribal-well price trigger described by the State.North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner: Oil and Gas Severance Tax

Latest audited results

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Government-wide revenue and expenses for North Dakota's primary government on the accrual basis, combining governmental and business-type activities and excluding component units. Revenue is program revenue plus the ACFR's total general revenues and transfers; the ACFR notes a $118.3 million residual transfer because included agencies have different year-ends.

North Dakota Office of Management and Budget: North Dakota FY2025 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report

Government-wide revenue: $14.7B
Government-wide expenses: $11.2B

Method, scope, and limitations

FactVote used the exact General Fund, special-fund, and official service-area totals in the Legislative Council's February 2026 post-special-session report. FY2025 tax-source shares and audited activity come from the primary-government columns of the ACFR Statement of Activities; current rates come from the Office of State Tax Commissioner.

The $20.684 billion headline is a two-year appropriation, so it should not be compared directly with one fiscal year of audited expenses.
Special funds combine federal and multiple dedicated State sources; the official summary does not present those subcomponents as a fund-mix table.
Appropriations are spending authority, not actual expenditures, and subsequent deficiency or supplemental action can revise them.
The ACFR combines individual and corporate income tax and combines oil, gas, and coal taxes, so those audited shares cannot be split further from the government-wide statement alone.
The FY2025 ACFR reports a nonzero residual internal transfer because agencies included in the report have different year-ends.
Locally retained property taxes are outside the State primary-government tax total, and the applicable mill levy varies by property location.

Last verified August 29, 2026 · Review by August 31, 2027 · North Dakota figures refresh annually.

Taxes and the economy

Taxes, government spending, jobs, wages, and small business.

Taxes and economy

$76,657

Median household income

2020–2024 estimate

Median money income received by North Dakota households, expressed in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

Income is not take-home pay and does not directly measure taxes, wealth, prices, or purchasing power.
A statewide median obscures regional and household differences.

Related state trends

Taxes and economy over time

Employment and unemployment place the latest economic facts in a longer statewide context.

Work

Employment and unemployment

2.4%unemployed

The unemployment rate is paired with employed North Dakota residents indexed to 2015, so job recovery and labor-market slack remain readable on separate scales.

Unemployment rate
Employed people

Unemployment rate: 2.4%
Employed people: 414.4K
Employment since 2015: +3.1%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Unemployment rate

North Dakota: 2.4%
U.S. benchmark: 4.0%
State rank #1 has the highest unemployment rate — worse: #48 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics via FRED: National unemployment rate

View chart data

Year	Unemployment rate	Employed people	Employment index
2015	2.8%	401,886	100.0
2016	3.0%	401,930	100.0
2017	2.6%	403,390	100.4
2018	2.4%	401,921	100.0
2019	2.2%	404,621	100.7
2020	5.0%	389,117	96.8
2021	3.1%	395,745	98.5
2022	2.1%	404,145	100.6
2023	2.0%	409,642	101.9
2024	2.4%	414,385	103.1

Method and limitations

FactVote uses BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics annual averages for the statewide unemployment rate and civilian employment. The chart converts employment to an index with 2015 equal to 100; the data table retains the published employment level.

LAUS estimates are revised each year through the program's annual processing cycle.
Employment is residence-based civilian employment, not a count of jobs located in the state.
Annual averages smooth within-year changes.

Housing and property costs

Housing supply, affordability, renters, zoning, and property costs.

Housing

$954/month

Median gross rent

2020–2024 estimate

Median monthly gross rent for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent, including contract rent plus estimated average utility and fuel costs paid by the renter.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate and expressed in 2024 dollars.

Keep in mind

This is a multi-year statewide estimate, not a current asking-rent measure.
The median obscures differences by location, unit size, housing quality, and renter circumstances.

Related state trends

Housing over time

Home values and household income show how North Dakota housing costs and purchasing power have changed together.

Housing pressure

Home prices versus income growth

+47.9%home prices

FHFA house prices and BEA personal income per person are indexed to the same starting year. A widening gap signals that home prices are rising faster than this broad income measure.

FHFA home prices
Income per person

Home-price growth: +47.9%
Income growth: +46.5%
Income per person: $75,157

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Home-price growth

North Dakota: +47.9%
U.S. benchmark: +86.6%
State rank #1 has the fastest home-price growth — depends on perspective: #49 of 50

Income growth

North Dakota: +46.5%
U.S. benchmark: +55.9%
State rank #1 has the fastest income growth — better: #47 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.Federal Housing Finance Agency: U.S. House Price Index U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis via FRED: U.S. personal income per capita

View chart data

Year	FHFA HPI	Home-price index	Income per person	Income index
2016	319.09	100.0	$51,298	100.0
2017	322.54	101.1	$51,830	101.0
2018	326.60	102.4	$55,173	107.6
2019	338.08	106.0	$56,657	110.4
2020	346.54	108.6	$60,444	117.8
2021	365.98	114.7	$66,157	129.0
2022	402.60	126.2	$71,089	138.6
2023	422.16	132.3	$71,725	139.8
2024	442.59	138.7	$72,037	140.4
2025	471.79	147.9	$75,157	146.5

Method and limitations

FactVote averages the four quarterly, not-seasonally-adjusted FHFA all-transactions HPI observations for each year. It compares that series with BEA annual per-capita personal income distributed by FRED, then rebases both to 100 in 2016.

This is a pressure indicator, not a home-price-to-income ratio and not a measure of monthly mortgage affordability.
Both series are nominal; neither is adjusted for inflation.
Per-capita personal income includes earnings, property income, and transfers and is not median household income.

Public safety and criminal justice

Policing, crime prevention, sentencing, incarceration, and rehabilitation.

Public safety and justice

258 per 100,000

Reported violent-crime rate

2024

Violent offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

FactVote sums the 12 monthly state offense rates returned by the FBI Crime Data Explorer for each calendar year. The accompanying coverage value is the mean of the 12 monthly population-coverage percentages returned with the same query.

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
North Dakota's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 99.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.8%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

1,710 per 100,000

Reported property-crime rate

2024

Property offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
North Dakota's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 99.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.8%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

Homicide deaths

2024 final data

Deaths for which homicide was the underlying cause, with the rate age-adjusted per 100,000 residents.

View breakdowns and source

Population-adjusted measure

Age-adjusted homicide death rate: 2.5 per 100,000

How it was measured

CDC National Vital Statistics System death-certificate data.

Keep in mind

Homicide mortality is not the same as offenses reported to police and does not include nonfatal violence.
With a small count, the rate can be statistically unstable; counts and rates do not establish causes or the effect of a particular policy.

Related state trends

Public safety and justice over time

Reported violent- and property-crime rates are shown with the coverage cautions needed to compare years responsibly.

Public safety

Reported violent and property crime rates

99.8% coverage

Reported offenses per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions. Amber points flag years when average monthly population coverage was below 90%.

Violent crime
Property crime
Partial reporting

Violent crime: 258.0 per 100k
Property crime: 1710.0 per 100k
Population coverage: 99.8%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Violent-crime rate

North Dakota: 258.0 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 359.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest violent-crime rate — worse: #34 of 50

Property-crime rate

North Dakota: 1710.0 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 1760.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest property-crime rate — worse: #24 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.An asterisk marks a state-year with less than 90% average population coverage. The U.S. figures are FBI national estimates; state figures are reported rates.Federal Bureau of Investigation: UCR Summary of Reported Crimes in the Nation, 2024

View chart data

Year	Violent rate	Property rate	Population coverage
2015	254.5 per 100k	2343.0 per 100k	99.9%
2016	251.9 per 100k	2318.7 per 100k	99.7%
2017	283.2 per 100k	2220.1 per 100k	99.6%
2018	269.9 per 100k	2032.9 per 100k	100.0%
2019	284.2 per 100k	1988.3 per 100k	99.9%
2020	336.0 per 100k	2146.7 per 100k	99.9%
2021	263.3 per 100k	2143.3 per 100k	99.9%
2022	287.9 per 100k	2037.6 per 100k	100.0%
2023	282.3 per 100k	1973.2 per 100k	99.7%
2024	258.0 per 100k	1710.0 per 100k	99.8%

Method and limitations

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
North Dakota's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 99.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.

Healthcare

Coverage, prescription costs, Medicaid, and access to care.

Healthcare

7.2%

People under 65 without health insurance

2024 ACS annual estimate

Share of North Dakota’s civilian noninstitutionalized residents under age 65 who lacked comprehensive health-insurance coverage at the time of the ACS survey.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimate.

Keep in mind

This is a survey estimate for people under 65 and does not describe coverage type or continuity of coverage.
Insurance status alone does not measure affordability, access, quality, or health outcomes.

Related state trends

Healthcare over time

Health-insurance coverage and life expectancy provide separate views of access and population health over time.

Health coverage

Residents without health insurance

6.1%uninsured

The share of the civilian noninstitutionalized population without health insurance at the time of the American Community Survey interview.

Uninsured rate
90% confidence margin

Uninsured rate: 6.1%
Margin of error: ±0.7 points

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Uninsured rate

North Dakota: 6.1%
U.S. benchmark: 8.2%
State rank #1 has the highest uninsured rate — worse: #34 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: HIC-4_ACS health insurance coverage

View chart data

Year	Uninsured rate	90% margin of error
2014	7.9%	±0.7 points
2015	7.8%	±0.7 points
2016	7.0%	±0.6 points
2017	7.5%	±0.6 points
2018	7.3%	±0.6 points
2019	6.9%	±0.7 points
2020	Not released	—
2021	7.9%	±0.7 points
2022	6.4%	±0.7 points
2023	4.5%	±0.5 points
2024	6.1%	±0.7 points

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's HIC-4_ACS historical table. Rates and 90% confidence margins of error are the published ACS 1-year estimates for the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

The Census Bureau did not release the standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates because pandemic-era data collection did not meet its quality standards; the chart preserves that gap.
The rate is a survey estimate and the accompanying margin of error should be considered when comparing nearby values.
Coverage is measured at the interview and does not show how long someone was uninsured during the year.

Health outcomes

Life expectancy at birth

77.9 yearsat birth

Period life expectancy at birth based on North Dakota's annual complete life tables and final state-specific death data.

Life expectancy at birth

U.S. comparison & state rank2022

Life expectancy

North Dakota: 77.9 years
U.S. benchmark: 77.5 years
State rank #1 has the highest life expectancy — better: #17 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.CDC National Center for Health Statistics: U.S. state life tables, 2018–2022

View chart data

Year	Life expectancy at birth
2018	79.3 years
2019	78.8 years
2020	76.9 years
2021	77.6 years
2022	77.9 years

Method and limitations

FactVote uses CDC National Center for Health Statistics annual complete life-table estimates for the total North Dakota population. Values are rounded to the published tenth of a year.

The latest published comparable state series ends in 2022, even though newer national life-expectancy estimates may be available.
Period life expectancy summarizes current mortality rates; it is not a forecast of how long a particular person will live.
The 2020 and 2021 estimates reflect the mortality shock during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education

Public schools, school choice, teachers, and higher education.

Education

94.0%

Adults with at least a high school diploma

2020–2024 estimate

Share of North Dakota residents age 25 and older whose reported attainment is a regular high school diploma or equivalent (including GED or an alternative credential), some college, or an associate’s or higher degree.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

This is an adult educational-attainment measure, not a current high-school graduation rate or a measure of school quality.
A statewide estimate can obscure differences across communities and demographic groups.

Related state trends

Education over time

Comparable NAEP assessment years show changes in statewide reading and mathematics performance.

Education

NAEP reading and math scores

215.5Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 and Grade 8 public-school mean scale scores from the Nation's Report Card. Reading and math are shown within each grade on their own panel.

Reading · circle
Math · square

Grade 4 reading: 215.5
Grade 4 math: 241.3
Grade 8 reading: 257.4
Grade 8 math: 279.8

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Grade 4 reading

North Dakota: 215.5
U.S. benchmark: 215.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #21 of 50

Grade 4 math

North Dakota: 241.3
U.S. benchmark: 237.5
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #6 of 50

Grade 8 reading

North Dakota: 257.4
U.S. benchmark: 258.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #24 of 50

Grade 8 math

North Dakota: 279.8
U.S. benchmark: 273.8
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #8 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.State ranks use public-school results. The U.S. benchmark includes the national public- and nonpublic-school sample.U.S. Department of Education, NCES: NAEP national results

View chart data

Assessment year	Grade 4 reading	Grade 4 math	Grade 8 reading	Grade 8 math
2003	221.6	237.6	269.7	287.1
2005	224.8	242.7	270.2	287.0
2007	226.3	245.4	268.0	291.6
2009	226.0	245.2	269.2	292.8
2011	225.6	245.2	268.7	292.0
2013	224.1	246.4	267.8	290.5
2015	224.7	244.7	267.0	288.2
2017	221.5	244.2	265.1	288.2
2019	221.2	242.9	263.2	285.6
2022	217.5	240.1	258.1	278.4
2024	215.5	241.3	257.4	279.8

Method and limitations

FactVote uses NAEP Data Service mean scale scores for all public-school students in North Dakota. The series uses the total student group and the main reading and mathematics composite scales for Grade 4 and Grade 8.

NAEP is generally administered every two years; the 2021 administration was postponed, so the timeline moves from 2019 to 2022.
NAEP results are estimates from a sample. Statistical significance, not a visual gap alone, determines whether scores differ.
Each grade and subject has its own scale. Follow one line over time rather than comparing the numeric distance between grades or subjects.

Environment and energy

Clean water, conservation, climate, and energy production.

Environment

7.93¢/kWh

Average retail electricity price

2024

Average retail electricity revenue per kilowatthour across customer sectors in the EIA state profile.

View breakdowns and source

Electric system

Primary generation source: Coal
In-state net generation: 42.6 million MWh
Carbon dioxide emissions: 27.555 million metric tons

How it was measured

U.S. Energy Information Administration Forms EIA-860, EIA-861, and EIA-923.

Keep in mind

The statewide average is not every customer's bill or current utility rate.
In-state generation differs from power consumed because electricity crosses state lines.

Environment

$3.89/gal

Midwest regular gasoline price

Week of September 7, 2026

Estimated average retail price of regular-grade gasoline across all formulations in EIA's Midwest region, including taxes. The region contains Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.

North Dakota$3.894/gal

United States$4.157/gal

The Midwest average was $0.263 per gallon lower, or about 6.3% below the U.S. average.

View breakdowns and source

North Dakota and U.S. context

Regular gasoline price

North Dakota: $3.894/gal
United States: $4.157/gal

The Midwest average was $0.263 per gallon lower, or about 6.3% below the U.S. average.

Both figures are EIA weekly retail estimates for regular gasoline, including taxes, for the week of September 7, 2026. The North Dakota-side figure is the Midwest regional average, not a North Dakota statewide estimate.U.S. Energy Information Administration: U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices

Recent EIA observations

Prior week: $3.847/gal
Weekly change: +4.7¢
One year earlier: $3.055/gal
Change from one year earlier: +83.9¢

How it was measured

FactVote uses EIA’s Midwest series, the smallest current EIA retail region that includes North Dakota. Changes are calculated from the published August 31, 2026 (prior week), and September 8, 2025 (52 weeks earlier), observations.

Keep in mind

EIA does not publish a current North Dakota statewide weekly gasoline-price series. This Midwest regional estimate should not be read as North Dakota’s statewide average.
The regional average combines Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, and does not represent the price at every station or in every North Dakota community.
Prices are nominal and not adjusted for inflation or seasonal patterns. Weekly estimates can be revised and can differ from monthly averages.
Price changes alone do not establish the effect of any bill, official, or government action.

Related state trends

Environment over time

North Dakota electricity generation, residential power prices, and gasoline prices show how the state's energy costs and supply have changed.

Energy

Electricity mix and residential price

11.51¢/kWhresidential average

In-state utility-scale electricity generation by energy source is paired with the annual average residential electricity price on a separate scale.

Natural gas5.7%
Coal54.5%
Nuclear0.0%
Solar0.0%
Hydroelectric4.8%
Wind34.7%
Other0.3%

Residential price: 11.51¢/kWh
Total generation: 42.6 TWh
Largest source: Coal · 54.5%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Residential electricity price

North Dakota: 11.51¢/kWh
U.S. benchmark: 16.48¢/kWh
State rank #1 has the highest electricity price — worse: #50 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Energy Information Administration: National residential electricity price

View chart data

Year	Total generation	Natural gas	Coal	Hydroelectric	Wind	Other	Residential price
2015	37.157 TWh	0.711 TWh	27.734 TWh	2.094 TWh	6.506 TWh	0.111 TWh	9.62¢/kWh
2016	37.856 TWh	1.071 TWh	26.580 TWh	1.912 TWh	8.172 TWh	0.121 TWh	10.16¢/kWh
2017	41.505 TWh	0.676 TWh	26.756 TWh	2.582 TWh	11.359 TWh	0.131 TWh	10.29¢/kWh
2018	42.615 TWh	1.019 TWh	27.541 TWh	3.180 TWh	10.733 TWh	0.142 TWh	10.25¢/kWh
2019	41.147 TWh	1.471 TWh	25.151 TWh	3.179 TWh	11.213 TWh	0.133 TWh	10.30¢/kWh
2020	42.176 TWh	1.488 TWh	24.497 TWh	2.450 TWh	13.634 TWh	0.107 TWh	10.44¢/kWh
2021	43.032 TWh	1.578 TWh	24.403 TWh	1.989 TWh	14.935 TWh	0.128 TWh	10.85¢/kWh
2022	44.401 TWh	1.453 TWh	24.831 TWh	1.791 TWh	16.250 TWh	0.075 TWh	10.92¢/kWh
2023	42.069 TWh	2.833 TWh	22.525 TWh	2.119 TWh	14.477 TWh	0.115 TWh	11.01¢/kWh
2024	42.557 TWh	2.442 TWh	23.183 TWh	2.061 TWh	14.763 TWh	0.109 TWh	11.51¢/kWh

Method and limitations

FactVote uses EIA's annual utility-scale net generation series and groups sources into seven categories. The residential price is EIA's annual average revenue per kilowatthour and includes generation, transmission, distribution, taxes, and fees reflected in electric bills.

Generation is electricity produced inside North Dakota, not electricity consumed there; interstate imports and exports are not represented.
The consistent utility-scale series excludes estimated generation from small-scale solar systems under 1 megawatt. Hydroelectric combines conventional and pumped-storage net generation; the 'other' category is the residual of remaining reported energy sources.
The residential price is a statewide nominal average and can mask large differences among utilities, plans, and household usage.

Fuel cost

Monthly regular gasoline price

$3.714/galmonthly average

Monthly regular-grade gasoline prices in EIA’s Midwest region show the market trend surrounding North Dakota. The regional average includes North Dakota.

Regular gasoline · monthly average

Price: $3.714/gal
From prior month: −14.4¢
From one year earlier: +71.0¢

U.S. comparison & state rank2026-07

Regular gasoline

North Dakota: $3.714/gal
U.S. benchmark: $3.932/gal
State rank #1 has the highest gasoline price — worse: #32* of 49

* EIA does not publish a current North Dakota statewide monthly gasoline-price series; this chart uses a 15-state regional average, not a statewide measurement.

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.Gasoline ranks cover states with a published FactVote monthly series. An asterisk marks an EIA regional or metro proxy rather than a statewide measurement.U.S. Energy Information Administration: U.S. regular gasoline prices

View chart data

Month	Regular gasoline price
January 2020	$2.409/gal
February 2020	$2.309/gal
March 2020	$2.036/gal
April 2020	$1.542/gal
May 2020	$1.748/gal
June 2020	$2.014/gal
July 2020	$2.098/gal
August 2020	$2.072/gal
September 2020	$2.047/gal
October 2020	$2.023/gal
November 2020	$1.957/gal
December 2020	$2.076/gal
January 2021	$2.231/gal
February 2021	$2.409/gal
March 2021	$2.724/gal
April 2021	$2.776/gal
May 2021	$2.882/gal
June 2021	$2.973/gal
July 2021	$3.035/gal
August 2021	$3.034/gal
September 2021	$3.044/gal
October 2021	$3.158/gal
November 2021	$3.211/gal
December 2021	$3.069/gal
January 2022	$3.112/gal
February 2022	$3.357/gal
March 2022	$4.024/gal
April 2022	$3.915/gal
May 2022	$4.260/gal
June 2022	$4.879/gal
July 2022	$4.496/gal
August 2022	$3.809/gal
September 2022	$3.590/gal
October 2022	$3.744/gal
November 2022	$3.587/gal
December 2022	$3.014/gal
January 2023	$3.217/gal
February 2023	$3.231/gal
March 2023	$3.270/gal
April 2023	$3.512/gal
May 2023	$3.454/gal
June 2023	$3.471/gal
July 2023	$3.436/gal
August 2023	$3.701/gal
September 2023	$3.666/gal
October 2023	$3.371/gal
November 2023	$3.138/gal
December 2023	$2.887/gal
January 2024	$2.829/gal
February 2024	$3.044/gal
March 2024	$3.318/gal
April 2024	$3.441/gal
May 2024	$3.430/gal
June 2024	$3.312/gal
July 2024	$3.411/gal
August 2024	$3.338/gal
September 2024	$3.091/gal
October 2024	$3.016/gal
November 2024	$2.888/gal
December 2024	$2.881/gal
January 2025	$2.942/gal
February 2025	$2.956/gal
March 2025	$2.954/gal
April 2025	$3.029/gal
May 2025	$3.013/gal
June 2025	$3.019/gal
July 2025	$3.004/gal
August 2025	$3.028/gal
September 2025	$3.012/gal
October 2025	$2.856/gal
November 2025	$2.876/gal
December 2025	$2.672/gal
January 2026	$2.633/gal
February 2026	$2.674/gal
March 2026	$3.371/gal
April 2026	$3.833/gal
May 2026	$4.389/gal
June 2026	$3.858/gal
July 2026	$3.714/gal
August 2026	$3.893/gal

Method and limitations

FactVote uses EIA’s monthly Midwest (PADD 2) Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices series. Monthly averages are simple averages of the published weekly estimates; prices include taxes.

This regional series covers Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin; it is not a North Dakota statewide average.
The regional average masks differences among states, communities, and individual stations.
Prices are nominal and not adjusted for inflation or seasonal patterns. The monthly series ends in August 2026 and can differ from the weekly fact.
Price changes alone do not establish the effect of any bill, official, or government action.

Gun policy and public safety

Firearm rights, gun-safety rules, and violence prevention.

Gun policy

Firearm deaths

2024 final data

Deaths in which firearm injury was the underlying cause, with the rate age-adjusted per 100,000 residents.

View breakdowns and source

Population-adjusted measure

Age-adjusted firearm death rate: 12.2 per 100,000

How it was measured

CDC National Vital Statistics System death-certificate data.

Keep in mind

The total combines firearm deaths across intents, including suicide, homicide, legal intervention, and unintentional or undetermined injury.
With a small count, the rate can be statistically unstable; it does not measure nonfatal injuries, firearm ownership, defensive uses, or policy effects.

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Retirement benefits, Medicare, and the long-term financing of these programs.

Immigration and border policy

Border enforcement, legal immigration, and pathways to citizenship.

Immigration

4.7%

Residents who are foreign-born

2020–2024 estimate

Share of North Dakota residents who were not U.S. citizens at birth, including naturalized citizens, lawful noncitizens, and people without lawful status.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

Foreign-born is not a measure of unauthorized immigration or current border crossings.
The Census does not assign legal status in this measure.

Related state trends

Immigration over time

Population change is separated into natural change, domestic migration, and international migration.

People

Population growth and migration

799.4Kresidents

July 1 population estimates alongside the annual changes attributable to births minus deaths, domestic migration, and international migration.

Population
Births minus deaths
Domestic migration
International migration

Births minus deaths: +2.6K
Domestic migration: +512
International migration: +2.8K

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Population

North Dakota: 799,358
U.S. total: 341,784,857
State rank #1 is most populous — not a performance ranking: #47 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: Vintage 2025 national population estimates

View chart data

Year	Population	Natural change	Domestic migration	International migration	Residual
2020	779,612	—	—	—	—
2021	777,977	2,179	-3,878	453	-389
2022	780,191	2,393	-2,744	2,554	11
2023	787,071	2,793	930	3,158	-1
2024	793,387	2,678	-423	4,083	-22
2025	799,358	2,630	512	2,810	19

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's Vintage 2025 consistent state series. Population is the July 1 estimate. Change components describe the preceding annual estimates period, and the Census residual adjustment reconciles the components to the published population change.

Vintage estimates are revised as the Census Bureau incorporates newer records and methods.
Domestic and international migration are modeled demographic estimates, not direct counts of every move.
The small residual adjustment is included in the data table but not drawn as a separate bar.

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

Voting access, election administration, ethics, transparency, and corruption.

Democracy and accountability

62.61%

Eligible-voter turnout

November 5, 2024 general election

Share of North Dakota's estimated eligible-voter population recorded as casting a ballot in the November 2024 general election.

View breakdowns and source

2024 turnout comparison

General election turnout: 62.61%
Primary election turnoutJune 11, 2024 primary election: 20.26%

North Dakota's official results report 120,358 primary voters among 594,140 eligible voters.

North Dakota does not require voter registration; both percentages use the Secretary of State's eligible-voter denominator, which is the Census Bureau's annual estimate of residents age 18 or older.
Primary and general elections present different contests and participation incentives.

North Dakota Secretary of State: Official 2024 Primary Election Results — Statewide Turnout Review by January 31, 2027

How it was measured

The North Dakota Secretary of State reports 371,975 voters among 594,140 eligible voters, or 62.61%.

Keep in mind

North Dakota does not require voter registration; the denominator is the Census Bureau's annual estimate of North Dakota residents age 18 or older, not a registered-voter file.
Turnout does not by itself measure election access, administration quality, confidence, or the effect of a specific rule.

Abortion and reproductive rights

Access to abortion and reproductive healthcare.

Reproductive rights

754

Abortions reported by area of occurrence

2022

Legal induced abortions reported as occurring in North Dakota during 2022, regardless of the patient's state of residence.

View breakdowns and source

CDC occurrence measures

Rate: 4.9 per 1,000 women ages 15–44
Obtained by out-of-area residents: 222

More recent State reporting

2025 reported total2025: Count suppressed

North Dakota's 2025 report says the count is below the State's minimum reporting level, so it does not publish a replacement numeric total.

North Dakota Department of Health and Human Services: North Dakota Induced Termination of Pregnancy, 2025 Review by August 28, 2027

How it was measured

CDC annual abortion surveillance compiled from aggregate data voluntarily reported by state central health agencies.

Keep in mind

This is an occurrence count, not a count of abortions obtained by North Dakota residents; 222, or 29.4%, were reported for out-of-area residents.
CDC surveillance is voluntary and reporting completeness, definitions, and availability vary by reporting area; 2022 is the latest comparable federal table used here.
North Dakota's 2023, 2024, and 2025 induced-termination reports suppress their numeric counts because the totals fall below the State's minimum reporting level, so they cannot replace this latest published numeric count.

Facts are shown for context only and do not affect candidate matching or rankings. Dates, definitions, limitations, and primary sources are included with each figure.

State trends

How North Dakota is changing

Nine trend views cover population, work, housing, public safety, education, health coverage, longevity, gasoline prices, and energy. Gasoline uses an explicitly labeled regional average; other charts use North Dakota statewide measures. Each chart now sits directly beneath its related fact section.

North Dakota

2025–27 biennium all-funds appropriations

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Taxes and the economy

How it was measured

Unemployment rate

Housing and property costs

How it was measured

Home-price growth

Income growth

Public safety and criminal justice

How it was measured

How it was measured

Population-adjusted measure

How it was measured

Violent-crime rate

Property-crime rate

Healthcare

How it was measured

Uninsured rate

Life expectancy

Education

How it was measured

Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 math

Grade 8 reading

Grade 8 math

Environment and energy

Electric system

How it was measured

North Dakota and U.S. context

Recent EIA observations

How it was measured

Residential electricity price

Regular gasoline

Gun policy and public safety

Population-adjusted measure

How it was measured

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Selected beneficiary groups

How it was measured

Immigration and border policy

How it was measured

Population

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

2024 turnout comparison

How it was measured

Abortion and reproductive rights

CDC occurrence measures

More recent State reporting

How it was measured