THE TREASURE STATE

Montana

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State snapshot

Montana facts

Explore dated, statewide figures across taxes and the economy, housing, public safety, health, education, and other civic topics.

Explore Montana individual facts and compare every state →

14 topic facts + fiscal overview + 9 state trends + 16 reviewed government links

Public money

How Montana funds state services

Montana's adopted 2027 biennium HB 2 appropriations, FY2025 audited State tax revenue and activity, current tax rates, and exact spending by the Legislature's five functional sections. Each section preserves its own period and accounting scope.

Enacted budget plan

$16.5B2027 biennium

Adopted by the 69th Legislature

2027 biennium all-funds HB 2 budget

July 1, 2025–June 30, 2027

Exact reported total: $16,457,245,555

Gross appropriations in Montana's general appropriations act, HB 2, for the two-year 2027 biennium. The total includes ongoing and one-time-only appropriations from the General Fund, State Special Revenue, Federal Special Revenue, and appropriated proprietary funds. It is not the Legislature's broader net budget: $445.1 million of HB 2 transfers are not eliminated here, and statutory appropriations, other appropriation bills, long-range planning bills, HB 1, HB 3, and HB 4 are outside this headline.

Montana Legislature, Legislative Fiscal Division: 2027 Biennium Legislative Fiscal Report — Statewide Perspectives

2027 biennium

How the enacted budget is financed

$16.5B$16,457,245,555

Federal Special Revenue$7.3B · 44.5%

Federal funding appropriated through HB 2, including ongoing and one-time-only authority.

General Fund$5.0B · 30.6%

Montana's broadly available General Fund appropriations in HB 2.

State Special Revenue$3.6B · 22.0%

Dedicated State revenue appropriated for specified programs and purposes.

Appropriated proprietary funds$472.2M · 2.9%

Budgeted proprietary operations in HB 2. The exact amount is the residual after the Fiscal Report's exact General, State Special, and Federal Special totals are subtracted from its exact all-funds grand total.

FY2025 ACFR actual

Where State tax revenue comes from

$4.2B$4,232,992,000

Shares of the $4.233 billion in tax revenue reported as general revenue for Montana's primary government. The chart includes State-recognized property taxes and the business-type portion of the ACFR's Other tax line; locally retained property taxes are not consolidated into the State primary government.

Individual income tax$2.3B · 53.9%

Individual-income-tax revenue recognized by Montana's governmental activities.

Other taxes$658.0M · 15.5%

The ACFR's combined line for accommodations, insurance premiums, video gaming, cannabis, tobacco, liquor, and other taxes; $41.257 million is reported in business-type activities.

Property tax$456.5M · 10.8%

Property-tax revenue recognized by the State primary government, including statewide levies; locally retained county, city, and school-district collections are not consolidated here.

Corporate income tax$318.8M · 7.5%

Corporate-income-tax revenue recognized by Montana's governmental activities.

Fuel tax$283.8M · 6.7%

Motor-fuel and related fuel-tax revenue reported on the government-wide statement.

Natural-resource taxes$233.8M · 5.5%

Taxes tied to oil, gas, coal, mining, and other natural-resource activity.

2027 biennium adopted all-funds HB 2 budget

2027 biennium HB 2 budget by functional section

$16.5B$16,457,245,555

The Legislature's five official functional sections, with ongoing and one-time-only appropriations combined. The exact section totals reconcile to the $16.457 billion gross HB 2 headline.

Health and human services$7.3B · 44.2%

Section B appropriations for the Department of Public Health and Human Services.

Education and cultural$3.5B · 21.2%

Section E appropriations for public instruction, higher education, and State education and cultural agencies.

Natural resources and transportation$2.9B · 17.7%

Section C appropriations for transportation, fish and wildlife, environmental quality, natural resources, livestock, and agriculture.

General government$1.5B · 9.4%

Section A appropriations for legislative, executive, revenue, administration, commerce, labor, military, and other central functions.

Judicial, law enforcement, and justice$1.2B · 7.5%

Section D appropriations for courts, justice, corrections, public defense, and the Public Service Commission.

Tax structure

Common statewide rates

Property and district rates can be local. Each card states the applicable scope.

Individual income tax

4.7%–5.65%For tax year 2026, ordinary taxable income is taxed at 4.7% through $47,500 for single and separate filers, $71,250 for heads of household, and $95,000 for joint filers; income above the applicable threshold is taxed at 5.65%.Montana Department of Revenue: HB337: 2026–2027 Montana Individual Income Tax Changes

Net long-term capital gains tax

3.0%–4.1%Montana taxes net long-term capital gains under a separate two-rate schedule. HB 337 changes the brackets but leaves the 3.0% and 4.1% rates in place.Montana Department of Revenue: HB337: 2026–2027 Montana Individual Income Tax Changes

Corporate income tax

6.75% standardThe standard corporate-income-tax rate is 6.75%; Montana also lists a 7% water's-edge election, a qualifying 0.5% alternative gross-sales rate, and a $50 minimum tax.Montana Department of Revenue: Montana Corporate Income Tax

Sales and use tax

No general taxMontana has no general-use sales tax, although it imposes narrower taxes and fees on selected products and activities.Montana Department of Revenue: Sales Tax Guidance for Montana Businesses and Residents

Property tax

0.76%–1.90% class rate + millsFor tax year 2026, qualifying primary residences and long-term rentals use tiered class rates from 0.76% to 1.90% of market value. The resulting taxable value is then subject to State and local mill levies, so the final bill varies by property value, use, and taxing jurisdiction.Montana Department of Revenue: 2026 Tax Information for Montana Property Owners

Latest audited results

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Government-wide revenue and expenses for Montana's primary government on the accrual basis, combining governmental and business-type activities and excluding component units. Revenue is program revenue plus general revenue; transfers between the two primary-government columns cancel.

State of Montana, Department of Administration: Montana FY2025 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report

Government-wide revenue: $10.9B
Government-wide expenses: $9.5B

Method, scope, and limitations

FactVote used the Legislative Fiscal Division's exact 2027 biennium HB 2 grand total and agency table, combined ongoing and one-time-only authority within each official section, and used exact fund-source totals where published. Appropriated proprietary funds are the exact all-funds residual after General, State Special, and Federal Special totals. FY2025 tax-source shares and audited activity come from the government-wide ACFR; current rates come from the Montana Department of Revenue.

Montana budgets on a biennial basis, so the $16.457 billion headline covers two fiscal years and should not be read as a one-year budget.
The headline is gross HB 2 appropriation authority. It does not eliminate $445.1 million of transfers and excludes statutory appropriations, other appropriation bills, long-range planning bills, and non-comparable bills.
The exact proprietary-fund amount is calculated as the residual of the exact HB 2 total after the three exact published fund totals; the Fiscal Report's overview chart rounds that source to $472 million.
Appropriations are spending authority, not actual expenditures, and transfers or later budget changes can alter available amounts.
FY2025 audited activity is on the accrual basis and is not the same period or accounting measure as the 2027 biennium budget.
The State's audited property-tax revenue does not include all locally retained property taxes paid in Montana.
Property-tax class rates are only one part of the calculation; State and local mill levies and special assessments also affect the final bill.
Individual-income-tax brackets vary by filing status, and Montana uses a separate schedule for net long-term capital gains.

Last verified August 29, 2026 · Review by August 31, 2027 · Montana figures refresh annually.

Taxes and the economy

Taxes, government spending, jobs, wages, and small business.

Taxes and economy

$72,509

Median household income

2020–2024 estimate

Median money income received by Montana households, expressed in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

Income is not take-home pay and does not directly measure taxes, wealth, prices, or purchasing power.
A statewide median obscures regional and household differences.

Related state trends

Taxes and economy over time

Employment and unemployment place the latest economic facts in a longer statewide context.

Work

Employment and unemployment

3.0%unemployed

The unemployment rate is paired with employed Montana residents indexed to 2015, so job recovery and labor-market slack remain readable on separate scales.

Unemployment rate
Employed people

Unemployment rate: 3.0%
Employed people: 560K
Employment since 2015: +12.4%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Unemployment rate

Montana: 3.0%
U.S. benchmark: 4.0%
State rank #1 has the highest unemployment rate — worse: #40 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics via FRED: National unemployment rate

View chart data

Year	Unemployment rate	Employed people	Employment index
2015	4.3%	498,354	100.0
2016	4.3%	502,443	100.8
2017	4.1%	507,640	101.9
2018	3.7%	514,655	103.3
2019	3.5%	523,844	105.1
2020	5.8%	511,964	102.7
2021	3.4%	528,254	106.0
2022	2.7%	546,902	109.7
2023	2.7%	556,633	111.7
2024	3.0%	560,046	112.4

Method and limitations

FactVote uses BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics annual averages for the statewide unemployment rate and civilian employment. The chart converts employment to an index with 2015 equal to 100; the data table retains the published employment level.

LAUS estimates are revised each year through the program's annual processing cycle.
Employment is residence-based civilian employment, not a count of jobs located in the state.
Annual averages smooth within-year changes.

Housing and property costs

Housing supply, affordability, renters, zoning, and property costs.

Housing

$1,081/month

Median gross rent

2020–2024 estimate

Median monthly gross rent for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent, including contract rent plus estimated average utility and fuel costs paid by the renter.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate and expressed in 2024 dollars.

Keep in mind

This is a multi-year statewide estimate, not a current asking-rent measure.
The median obscures differences by location, unit size, housing quality, and renter circumstances.

Related state trends

Housing over time

Home values and household income show how Montana housing costs and purchasing power have changed together.

Housing pressure

Home prices versus income growth

+111.7%home prices

FHFA house prices and BEA personal income per person are indexed to the same starting year. A widening gap signals that home prices are rising faster than this broad income measure.

FHFA home prices
Income per person

Home-price growth: +111.7%
Income growth: +67.1%
Income per person: $72,340

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Home-price growth

Montana: +111.7%
U.S. benchmark: +86.6%
State rank #1 has the fastest home-price growth — depends on perspective: #8 of 50

Income growth

Montana: +67.1%
U.S. benchmark: +55.9%
State rank #1 has the fastest income growth — better: #5 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.Federal Housing Finance Agency: U.S. House Price Index U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis via FRED: U.S. personal income per capita

View chart data

Year	FHFA HPI	Home-price index	Income per person	Income index
2016	309.79	100.0	$43,301	100.0
2017	325.85	105.2	$45,369	104.8
2018	345.78	111.6	$47,208	109.0
2019	364.05	117.5	$49,654	114.7
2020	387.46	125.1	$53,572	123.7
2021	463.92	149.8	$59,236	136.8
2022	561.09	181.1	$62,117	143.5
2023	594.17	191.8	$66,221	152.9
2024	628.20	202.8	$69,220	159.9
2025	655.74	211.7	$72,340	167.1

Method and limitations

FactVote averages the four quarterly, not-seasonally-adjusted FHFA all-transactions HPI observations for each year. It compares that series with BEA annual per-capita personal income distributed by FRED, then rebases both to 100 in 2016.

This is a pressure indicator, not a home-price-to-income ratio and not a measure of monthly mortgage affordability.
Both series are nominal; neither is adjusted for inflation.
Per-capita personal income includes earnings, property income, and transfers and is not median household income.

Public safety and criminal justice

Policing, crime prevention, sentencing, incarceration, and rehabilitation.

Public safety and justice

428 per 100,000

Reported violent-crime rate

2024

Violent offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

FactVote sums the 12 monthly state offense rates returned by the FBI Crime Data Explorer for each calendar year. The accompanying coverage value is the mean of the 12 monthly population-coverage percentages returned with the same query.

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Montana's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 98.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.9%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

1,649.4 per 100,000

Reported property-crime rate

2024

Property offenses reported to law enforcement per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

Keep in mind

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Montana's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 98.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.
Average monthly population coverage in 2024 was 99.9%; this is not complete statewide reporting.

Public safety and justice

Homicide deaths

2024 final data

Deaths for which homicide was the underlying cause, with the rate age-adjusted per 100,000 residents.

View breakdowns and source

Population-adjusted measure

Age-adjusted homicide death rate: 4.5 per 100,000

How it was measured

CDC National Vital Statistics System death-certificate data.

Keep in mind

Homicide mortality is not the same as offenses reported to police and does not include nonfatal violence.
Counts and rates do not establish causes or the effect of a particular policy; small counts can make rates unstable.

Related state trends

Public safety and justice over time

Reported violent- and property-crime rates are shown with the coverage cautions needed to compare years responsibly.

Public safety

Reported violent and property crime rates

99.9% coverage

Reported offenses per 100,000 residents in participating jurisdictions. Amber points flag years when average monthly population coverage was below 90%.

Violent crime
Property crime
Partial reporting

Violent crime: 428.0 per 100k
Property crime: 1649.4 per 100k
Population coverage: 99.9%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Violent-crime rate

Montana: 428.0 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 359.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest violent-crime rate — worse: #14 of 50

Property-crime rate

Montana: 1649.4 per 100k
U.S. benchmark: 1760.1 per 100k
State rank #1 has the highest property-crime rate — worse: #28 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.An asterisk marks a state-year with less than 90% average population coverage. The U.S. figures are FBI national estimates; state figures are reported rates.Federal Bureau of Investigation: UCR Summary of Reported Crimes in the Nation, 2024

View chart data

Year	Violent rate	Property rate	Population coverage
2015	351.7 per 100k	2662.7 per 100k	98.6%
2016	373.4 per 100k	2723.5 per 100k	99.5%
2017	381.1 per 100k	2619.8 per 100k	99.9%
2018	382.9 per 100k	2531.1 per 100k	99.4%
2019	426.2 per 100k	2275.2 per 100k	98.6%
2020	488.5 per 100k	2183.9 per 100k	99.5%
2021	475.7 per 100k	2048.2 per 100k	99.5%
2022	433.4 per 100k	1984.0 per 100k	99.2%
2023	449.5 per 100k	1854.7 per 100k	99.8%
2024	428.0 per 100k	1649.4 per 100k	99.9%

Method and limitations

These are crimes reported to law enforcement, not all crimes that occurred.
Montana's average monthly population coverage remained at or above 98.6% throughout this series, but coverage still varies and does not equal complete statewide reporting.
Reporting systems, agency participation, and later revisions can change the published series.

Healthcare

Coverage, prescription costs, Medicaid, and access to care.

Healthcare

11.0%

People under 65 without health insurance

2024 ACS annual estimate

Share of Montana’s civilian noninstitutionalized residents under age 65 who lacked comprehensive health-insurance coverage at the time of the ACS survey.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimate.

Keep in mind

This is a survey estimate for people under 65 and does not describe coverage type or continuity of coverage.
Insurance status alone does not measure affordability, access, quality, or health outcomes.

Related state trends

Healthcare over time

Health-insurance coverage and life expectancy provide separate views of access and population health over time.

Health coverage

Residents without health insurance

8.8%uninsured

The share of the civilian noninstitutionalized population without health insurance at the time of the American Community Survey interview.

Uninsured rate
90% confidence margin

Uninsured rate: 8.8%
Margin of error: ±0.6 points

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Uninsured rate

Montana: 8.8%
U.S. benchmark: 8.2%
State rank #1 has the highest uninsured rate — worse: #15 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: HIC-4_ACS health insurance coverage

View chart data

Year	Uninsured rate	90% margin of error
2014	14.2%	±0.6 points
2015	11.6%	±0.7 points
2016	8.1%	±0.5 points
2017	8.5%	±0.5 points
2018	8.2%	±0.5 points
2019	8.3%	±0.5 points
2020	Not released	—
2021	8.2%	±0.5 points
2022	8.3%	±0.6 points
2023	8.4%	±0.6 points
2024	8.8%	±0.6 points

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's HIC-4_ACS historical table. Rates and 90% confidence margins of error are the published ACS 1-year estimates for the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

The Census Bureau did not release the standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates because pandemic-era data collection did not meet its quality standards; the chart preserves that gap.
The rate is a survey estimate and the accompanying margin of error should be considered when comparing nearby values.
Coverage is measured at the interview and does not show how long someone was uninsured during the year.

Health outcomes

Life expectancy at birth

77.3 yearsat birth

Period life expectancy at birth based on Montana's annual complete life tables and final state-specific death data.

Life expectancy at birth

U.S. comparison & state rank2022

Life expectancy

Montana: 77.3 years
U.S. benchmark: 77.5 years
State rank #1 has the highest life expectancy — better: #24 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.CDC National Center for Health Statistics: U.S. state life tables, 2018–2022

View chart data

Year	Life expectancy at birth
2018	78.7 years
2019	78.4 years
2020	76.8 years
2021	75.8 years
2022	77.3 years

Method and limitations

FactVote uses CDC National Center for Health Statistics annual complete life-table estimates for the total Montana population. Values are rounded to the published tenth of a year.

The latest published comparable state series ends in 2022, even though newer national life-expectancy estimates may be available.
Period life expectancy summarizes current mortality rates; it is not a forecast of how long a particular person will live.
The 2020 and 2021 estimates reflect the mortality shock during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education

Public schools, school choice, teachers, and higher education.

Education

94.6%

Adults with at least a high school diploma

2020–2024 estimate

Share of Montana residents age 25 and older whose reported attainment is a regular high school diploma or equivalent (including GED or an alternative credential), some college, or an associate’s or higher degree.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

This is an adult educational-attainment measure, not a current high-school graduation rate or a measure of school quality.
A statewide estimate can obscure differences across communities and demographic groups.

Related state trends

Education over time

Comparable NAEP assessment years show changes in statewide reading and mathematics performance.

Education

NAEP reading and math scores

217.2Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 and Grade 8 public-school mean scale scores from the Nation's Report Card. Reading and math are shown within each grade on their own panel.

Reading · circle
Math · square

Grade 4 reading: 217.2
Grade 4 math: 238.5
Grade 8 reading: 260.5
Grade 8 math: 279.1

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Grade 4 reading

Montana: 217.2
U.S. benchmark: 215.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #12 of 50

Grade 4 math

Montana: 238.5
U.S. benchmark: 237.5
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #20 of 50

Grade 8 reading

Montana: 260.5
U.S. benchmark: 258.0
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #11 of 50

Grade 8 math

Montana: 279.1
U.S. benchmark: 273.8
State rank #1 has the highest score — better: #10 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.State ranks use public-school results. The U.S. benchmark includes the national public- and nonpublic-school sample.U.S. Department of Education, NCES: NAEP national results

View chart data

Assessment year	Grade 4 reading	Grade 4 math	Grade 8 reading	Grade 8 math
2003	222.7	235.8	269.8	285.9
2005	224.6	240.6	269.2	286.4
2007	226.7	243.6	270.9	287.1
2009	224.7	244.4	270.4	291.5
2011	225.1	243.8	272.9	292.9
2013	223.0	243.7	271.8	289.2
2015	224.8	241.3	270.0	287.5
2017	222.3	240.7	267.2	285.6
2019	221.7	241.1	264.8	284.0
2022	218.7	238.5	261.2	277.4
2024	217.2	238.5	260.5	279.1

Method and limitations

FactVote uses NAEP Data Service mean scale scores for all public-school students in Montana. The series uses the total student group and the main reading and mathematics composite scales for Grade 4 and Grade 8.

NAEP is generally administered every two years; the 2021 administration was postponed, so the timeline moves from 2019 to 2022.
NAEP results are estimates from a sample. Statistical significance, not a visual gap alone, determines whether scores differ.
Each grade and subject has its own scale. Follow one line over time rather than comparing the numeric distance between grades or subjects.

Environment and energy

Clean water, conservation, climate, and energy production.

Environment

10.83¢/kWh

Average retail electricity price

2024

Average retail electricity revenue per kilowatthour across customer sectors in the EIA state profile.

View breakdowns and source

Electric system

Primary generation source: Coal
In-state net generation: 26.9 million MWh
Carbon dioxide emissions: 11.839 million metric tons

How it was measured

U.S. Energy Information Administration Forms EIA-860, EIA-861, and EIA-923.

Keep in mind

The statewide average is not every customer's bill or current utility rate.
In-state generation differs from power consumed because electricity crosses state lines.

Environment

$4.31/gal

Rocky Mountain regular gasoline price

Week of September 7, 2026

Estimated average retail price of regular-grade gasoline across all formulations in EIA's Rocky Mountain region, including taxes. The region contains Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.

Montana$4.314/gal

United States$4.157/gal

The Rocky Mountain average was $0.157 per gallon higher, or about 3.8% above the U.S. average.

View breakdowns and source

Montana and U.S. context

Regular gasoline price

Montana: $4.314/gal
United States: $4.157/gal

The Rocky Mountain average was $0.157 per gallon higher, or about 3.8% above the U.S. average.

Both figures are EIA weekly retail estimates for regular gasoline, including taxes, for the week of September 7, 2026. The Montana-side figure is the Rocky Mountain regional average, not a Montana statewide estimate.U.S. Energy Information Administration: U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices

Recent EIA observations

Prior week: $4.266/gal
Weekly change: +4.8¢
One year earlier: $3.240/gal
Change from one year earlier: +107.4¢

How it was measured

FactVote uses EIA’s Rocky Mountain series, the smallest current EIA retail region that includes Montana. Changes are calculated from the published August 31, 2026 (prior week), and September 8, 2025 (52 weeks earlier), observations.

Keep in mind

EIA does not publish a current Montana statewide weekly gasoline-price series. This Rocky Mountain regional estimate should not be read as Montana’s statewide average.
The regional average combines Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, and does not represent the price at every station or in every Montana community.
Prices are nominal and not adjusted for inflation or seasonal patterns. Weekly estimates can be revised and can differ from monthly averages.
Price changes alone do not establish the effect of any bill, official, or government action.

Related state trends

Environment over time

Montana electricity generation, residential power prices, and gasoline prices show how the state's energy costs and supply have changed.

Energy

Electricity mix and residential price

12.66¢/kWhresidential average

In-state utility-scale electricity generation by energy source is paired with the annual average residential electricity price on a separate scale.

Natural gas3.7%
Coal36.4%
Nuclear0.0%
Solar1.4%
Hydroelectric34.3%
Wind21.6%
Other2.6%

Residential price: 12.66¢/kWh
Total generation: 26.9 TWh
Largest source: Coal · 36.4%

U.S. comparison & state rank2024

Residential electricity price

Montana: 12.66¢/kWh
U.S. benchmark: 16.48¢/kWh
State rank #1 has the highest electricity price — worse: #40 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Energy Information Administration: National residential electricity price

View chart data

Year	Total generation	Natural gas	Coal	Solar	Hydroelectric	Wind	Other	Residential price
2015	29.302 TWh	0.599 TWh	16.013 TWh	0.000 TWh	9.888 TWh	1.965 TWh	0.838 TWh	10.88¢/kWh
2016	27.784 TWh	0.476 TWh	14.269 TWh	0.000 TWh	10.083 TWh	2.140 TWh	0.816 TWh	10.94¢/kWh
2017	28.221 TWh	0.417 TWh	13.864 TWh	0.014 TWh	10.946 TWh	2.155 TWh	0.825 TWh	10.95¢/kWh
2018	28.213 TWh	0.476 TWh	13.360 TWh	0.034 TWh	11.405 TWh	2.153 TWh	0.784 TWh	10.96¢/kWh
2019	27.797 TWh	0.507 TWh	14.101 TWh	0.029 TWh	10.005 TWh	2.373 TWh	0.782 TWh	11.13¢/kWh
2020	23.353 TWh	0.291 TWh	8.490 TWh	0.033 TWh	10.748 TWh	3.059 TWh	0.733 TWh	11.24¢/kWh
2021	24.948 TWh	0.528 TWh	10.876 TWh	0.033 TWh	9.258 TWh	3.473 TWh	0.779 TWh	11.22¢/kWh
2022	27.089 TWh	0.729 TWh	11.651 TWh	0.032 TWh	9.886 TWh	4.022 TWh	0.770 TWh	11.33¢/kWh
2023	26.896 TWh	1.002 TWh	11.553 TWh	0.240 TWh	8.792 TWh	4.557 TWh	0.752 TWh	12.54¢/kWh
2024	26.873 TWh	0.995 TWh	9.785 TWh	0.366 TWh	9.220 TWh	5.815 TWh	0.691 TWh	12.66¢/kWh

Method and limitations

FactVote uses EIA's annual utility-scale net generation series and groups sources into seven categories. The residential price is EIA's annual average revenue per kilowatthour and includes generation, transmission, distribution, taxes, and fees reflected in electric bills.

Generation is electricity produced inside Montana, not electricity consumed there; interstate imports and exports are not represented.
The consistent utility-scale series excludes estimated generation from small-scale solar systems under 1 megawatt. Hydroelectric combines conventional and pumped-storage net generation; the 'other' category is the residual of remaining reported energy sources.
The residential price is a statewide nominal average and can mask large differences among utilities, plans, and household usage.

Fuel cost

Monthly regular gasoline price

$3.881/galmonthly average

Monthly regular-grade gasoline prices in EIA’s Rocky Mountain region show the market trend surrounding Montana. The regional average includes Montana.

Regular gasoline · monthly average

Price: $3.881/gal
From prior month: −15.6¢
From one year earlier: +75.1¢

U.S. comparison & state rank2026-07

Regular gasoline

Montana: $3.881/gal
U.S. benchmark: $3.932/gal
State rank #1 has the highest gasoline price — worse: #19* of 49

* EIA does not publish a current Montana statewide monthly gasoline-price series; this chart uses a five-state regional average, not a statewide measurement.

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.Gasoline ranks cover states with a published FactVote monthly series. An asterisk marks an EIA regional or metro proxy rather than a statewide measurement.U.S. Energy Information Administration: U.S. regular gasoline prices

View chart data

Month	Regular gasoline price
January 2020	$2.594/gal
February 2020	$2.487/gal
March 2020	$2.293/gal
April 2020	$1.901/gal
May 2020	$1.837/gal
June 2020	$2.218/gal
July 2020	$2.323/gal
August 2020	$2.355/gal
September 2020	$2.321/gal
October 2020	$2.258/gal
November 2020	$2.194/gal
December 2020	$2.180/gal
January 2021	$2.226/gal
February 2021	$2.361/gal
March 2021	$2.800/gal
April 2021	$2.967/gal
May 2021	$3.102/gal
June 2021	$3.258/gal
July 2021	$3.519/gal
August 2021	$3.660/gal
September 2021	$3.613/gal
October 2021	$3.564/gal
November 2021	$3.535/gal
December 2021	$3.425/gal
January 2022	$3.341/gal
February 2022	$3.344/gal
March 2022	$4.060/gal
April 2022	$4.156/gal
May 2022	$4.296/gal
June 2022	$4.902/gal
July 2022	$4.864/gal
August 2022	$4.250/gal
September 2022	$3.906/gal
October 2022	$3.874/gal
November 2022	$3.662/gal
December 2022	$3.180/gal
January 2023	$3.287/gal
February 2023	$3.767/gal
March 2023	$3.660/gal
April 2023	$3.494/gal
May 2023	$3.558/gal
June 2023	$3.704/gal
July 2023	$3.786/gal
August 2023	$3.978/gal
September 2023	$4.020/gal
October 2023	$3.743/gal
November 2023	$3.274/gal
December 2023	$2.896/gal
January 2024	$2.737/gal
February 2024	$2.860/gal
March 2024	$3.137/gal
April 2024	$3.408/gal
May 2024	$3.412/gal
June 2024	$3.312/gal
July 2024	$3.377/gal
August 2024	$3.419/gal
September 2024	$3.401/gal
October 2024	$3.237/gal
November 2024	$2.981/gal
December 2024	$2.836/gal
January 2025	$2.902/gal
February 2025	$3.013/gal
March 2025	$3.015/gal
April 2025	$3.132/gal
May 2025	$3.126/gal
June 2025	$3.138/gal
July 2025	$3.130/gal
August 2025	$3.152/gal
September 2025	$3.179/gal
October 2025	$3.021/gal
November 2025	$2.917/gal
December 2025	$2.580/gal
January 2026	$2.464/gal
February 2026	$2.659/gal
March 2026	$3.484/gal
April 2026	$3.935/gal
May 2026	$4.469/gal
June 2026	$4.037/gal
July 2026	$3.881/gal
August 2026	$4.234/gal

Method and limitations

FactVote uses EIA’s monthly Rocky Mountain (PADD 4) Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices series. Monthly averages are simple averages of the published weekly estimates; prices include taxes.

This regional series covers Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming; it is not a Montana statewide average.
The regional average masks differences among states, communities, and individual stations.
Prices are nominal and not adjusted for inflation or seasonal patterns. The monthly series ends in August 2026 and can differ from the weekly fact.
Price changes alone do not establish the effect of any bill, official, or government action.

Gun policy and public safety

Firearm rights, gun-safety rules, and violence prevention.

Gun policy

247

Firearm deaths

2024 final data

Deaths in which firearm injury was the underlying cause, with the rate age-adjusted per 100,000 residents.

View breakdowns and source

Population-adjusted measure

Age-adjusted firearm death rate: 20.2 per 100,000

How it was measured

CDC National Vital Statistics System death-certificate data.

Keep in mind

The total combines firearm deaths across intents, including suicide, homicide, legal intervention, and unintentional or undetermined injury.
It does not measure nonfatal injuries, firearm ownership, defensive uses, or policy effects.

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Retirement benefits, Medicare, and the long-term financing of these programs.

Immigration and border policy

Border enforcement, legal immigration, and pathways to citizenship.

Immigration

2.3%

Residents who are foreign-born

2020–2024 estimate

Share of Montana residents who were not U.S. citizens at birth, including naturalized citizens, lawful noncitizens, and people without lawful status.

View breakdowns and source

How it was measured

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, sourced from the American Community Survey 2020–2024 five-year estimate.

Keep in mind

Foreign-born is not a measure of unauthorized immigration or current border crossings.
The Census does not assign legal status in this measure.

Related state trends

Immigration over time

Population change is separated into natural change, domestic migration, and international migration.

People

Population growth and migration

1.1Mresidents

July 1 population estimates alongside the annual changes attributable to births minus deaths, domestic migration, and international migration.

Population
Births minus deaths
Domestic migration
International migration

Births minus deaths: −90
Domestic migration: +6.3K
International migration: +899

U.S. comparison & state rank2025

Population

Montana: 1,144,694
U.S. total: 341,784,857
State rank #1 is most populous — not a performance ranking: #43 of 50

Ranks sort the measured value from highest to lowest. Each State rank explains what #1 means for that fact.U.S. Census Bureau: Vintage 2025 national population estimates

View chart data

Year	Population	Natural change	Domestic migration	International migration	Residual
2020	1,087,156	—	—	—	—
2021	1,106,416	-1,420	20,693	712	-725
2022	1,121,533	-1,781	15,474	798	626
2023	1,130,612	-406	9,017	412	56
2024	1,137,557	-223	5,263	1,929	-24
2025	1,144,694	-90	6,348	899	-20

Method and limitations

FactVote uses the Census Bureau's Vintage 2025 consistent state series. Population is the July 1 estimate. Change components describe the preceding annual estimates period, and the Census residual adjustment reconciles the components to the published population change.

Vintage estimates are revised as the Census Bureau incorporates newer records and methods.
Domestic and international migration are modeled demographic estimates, not direct counts of every move.
The small residual adjustment is included in the data table but not drawn as a separate bar.

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

Voting access, election administration, ethics, transparency, and corruption.

Democracy and accountability

76.57%

Registered-voter turnout

November 5, 2024 general election

Share of registered Montana voters recorded as casting a ballot in the November 2024 general election.

View breakdowns and source

Latest statewide turnout comparison

General election turnout: 76.57%
Primary election turnoutJune 2, 2026 primary election: 37.92%

The Secretary of State's final 2026 results report 300,011 ballots cast among 791,207 registered voters.

The percentages use registered voters, not every voting-eligible resident.
Primary and general elections present different contests and participation incentives.

Montana Secretary of State: 2026 Primary Election Results Review by January 31, 2027

How it was measured

The Montana Secretary of State's official canvass reports 612,423 votes cast among 799,849 registered voters.

Keep in mind

This is registered-voter turnout, not participation among every voting-eligible resident.
Turnout does not by itself measure election access, administration quality, confidence, or the effect of a specific rule.

Abortion and reproductive rights

Access to abortion and reproductive healthcare.

Reproductive rights

2,070

Abortions reported by area of occurrence

2024

Induced abortions reported as occurring in Montana during 2024, regardless of the patient's state of residence.

View breakdowns and source

Montana occurrence measures

Rate: 8.7 per 1,000 women ages 15–44
Not Montana residents: 214

How it was measured

Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services vital-statistics occurrence data. The report lists 2,070 Montana occurrences and 1,856 occurrences among Montana residents; FactVote calculates 214 occurrences among people who were not Montana residents as the difference.

Keep in mind

This is an occurrence count, not a count of abortions obtained by Montana residents; 1,856 of the 2,070 occurrences were among Montana residents.
The report covers abortions performed in Montana and does not include abortions obtained outside Montana by Montana residents.

Facts are shown for context only and do not affect candidate matching or rankings. Dates, definitions, limitations, and primary sources are included with each figure.

State trends

How Montana is changing

Nine trend views cover population, work, housing, public safety, education, health coverage, longevity, gasoline prices, and energy. Gasoline uses an explicitly labeled regional average; other charts use Montana statewide measures. Each chart now sits directly beneath its related fact section.

Montana

2027 biennium all-funds HB 2 budget

Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

Taxes and the economy

How it was measured

Unemployment rate

Housing and property costs

How it was measured

Home-price growth

Income growth

Public safety and criminal justice

How it was measured

How it was measured

Population-adjusted measure

How it was measured

Violent-crime rate

Property-crime rate

Healthcare

How it was measured

Uninsured rate

Life expectancy

Education

How it was measured

Grade 4 reading

Grade 4 math

Grade 8 reading

Grade 8 math

Environment and energy

Electric system

How it was measured

Montana and U.S. context

Recent EIA observations

How it was measured

Residential electricity price

Regular gasoline

Gun policy and public safety

Population-adjusted measure

How it was measured

Social Security, Medicare, and retirement

Selected beneficiary groups

How it was measured

Immigration and border policy

How it was measured

Population

Voting, democracy, and government accountability

Latest statewide turnout comparison

How it was measured

Abortion and reproductive rights

Montana occurrence measures

How it was measured