U.S. deficit, debt, and interest

Federal finances · U.S. Treasury · Nominal dollars

Federal budget deficit

$1.97T

FY2026 through Aug 2026 · $ trillions · fiscal year to date

Debt held by the public

$32.36T

As of 2026-09-10 · $ trillions · outstanding balance

Interest on the public debt

$1.27T

FY2026 through Aug 2026 · $ trillions · gross outlays, fiscal year to date

Current budget: October through the reporting monthTimeline flows: previous 12 monthsDebt: balance on the recorded dateAnnual history: complete fiscal years

Saved Treasury snapshot checked 2026-09-12. Budget figures are fiscal-year-to-date actuals, not full-year projections. Debt uses the latest available business day.

Deficit, debt, and interest over time

The deficit effect filter applies only to major events. Choose Adds and reduces to show all events with a verified increase or decrease, or choose one direction; each figure retains its scope and time period.

Major events & context · A curated selection, including uncertain effects. Milestone dates do not establish that an event caused a fiscal change.

Explore an event or action for verified costs and budget effects. Amounts appear only when an official primary source supports the figure, scope and period.

Debt and event history start in 2005. Complete 12-month totals begin Feb 2016 for the deficit and Feb 2016 for gross interest. Earlier gaps reflect the saved data coverage.

Enacted / issuedDid not proceedPending / in progressStatus unclear

Colors show the latest recorded status. A bill passed by only one chamber remains pending; “issued” does not necessarily mean in effect.

Federal budget deficit$ trillions · previous 12 months
Federal budget deficit

Move across the chart to inspect monthly readings. Use the Chart selector to switch measures; dates, events and action filters stay in place.

Federal budget deficit · $ trillions · previous 12 monthsAug 2026: $1.77T0.02.24.4Federal budget deficit, Jan 2020: $1.06TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2020: $1.06TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2020: $1.04TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2020: $1.93TFederal budget deficit, May 2020: $2.13TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2020: $2.98TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2020: $2.92TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2020: $2.92TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2020: $3.13TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2020: $3.28TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2020: $3.22TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2020: $3.35TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2021: $3.48TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2021: $3.55TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2021: $4.09TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2021: $3.58TFederal budget deficit, May 2021: $3.32TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2021: $2.63TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2021: $2.86TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2021: $2.84TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2021: $2.77TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2021: $2.65TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2021: $2.70TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2021: $2.58TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2022: $2.30TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2022: $2.20TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2022: $1.73TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2022: $1.20TFederal budget deficit, May 2022: $1.13TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2022: $1.05TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2022: $0.96TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2022: $1.01TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2022: $1.38TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2022: $1.30TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2022: $1.36TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2022: $1.42TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2023: $1.58TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2023: $1.62TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2023: $1.81TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2023: $1.94TFederal budget deficit, May 2023: $2.11TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2023: $2.25TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2023: $2.26TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2023: $1.95TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2023: $1.70TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2023: $1.67TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2023: $1.74TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2023: $1.78TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2024: $1.77TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2024: $1.80TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2024: $1.66TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2024: $1.63TFederal budget deficit, May 2024: $1.73TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2024: $1.57TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2024: $1.59TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2024: $2.06TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2024: $1.83TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2024: $2.02TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2024: $2.07TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2024: $2.03TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2025: $2.14TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2025: $2.15TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2025: $2.07TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2025: $2.02TFederal budget deficit, May 2025: $1.99TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2025: $1.90TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2025: $1.94TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2025: $1.91TFederal budget deficit, Sep 2025: $1.78TFederal budget deficit, Oct 2025: $1.80TFederal budget deficit, Nov 2025: $1.61TFederal budget deficit, Dec 2025: $1.67TFederal budget deficit, Jan 2026: $1.63TFederal budget deficit, Feb 2026: $1.63TFederal budget deficit, Mar 2026: $1.64TFederal budget deficit, Apr 2026: $1.68TFederal budget deficit, May 2026: $1.66TFederal budget deficit, Jun 2026: $1.80TFederal budget deficit, Jul 2026: $1.95TFederal budget deficit, Aug 2026: $1.77TJan 2020May 2023Sep 2026
✦ Major events & context · 27COVID-19 pandemic · 2020-03-11COVID-19 pandemicEmergency rate cuts and Treasury purchases · 2020-03-15Fed pandemic responseCARES Act pandemic relief · 2020-03-27CARES Act reliefFurther pandemic relief and annual funding · 2020-12-27December pandemic reliefAmerican Rescue Plan · 2021-03-11American Rescue PlanInfrastructure Investment and Jobs Act · 2021-11-15Infrastructure fundingCongress raises the debt limit after two impasses · 2021-12-162021 debt-limit increaseFederal Reserve begins 2022 rate increases · 2022-03-16Fed rate increasesSemiconductor funding and investment credits · 2022-08-09CHIPS fundingPACT Act expands veterans’ benefits · 2022-08-10Veterans’ benefits expansionInflation Reduction Act changes taxes and spending · 2022-08-16Energy / health / tax lawStudent-loan cancellation cost recorded · 2022-09-30Loan-cost accountingInflation and rates raise interest costs above forecasts · 2023-01-09Inflation / interest costsFed reports suspension of Treasury payments · 2023-01-13Fed payments suspendedDisaster tax deadlines move into the next fiscal year · 2023-02-24Disaster tax deferralsFiscal Responsibility Act · 2023-06-032023 debt-limit agreementFitch lowers the U.S. sovereign credit rating · 2023-08-01Fitch rating downgradeStudent-loan cost reversal lowers recorded outlays · 2023-08-31Loan-cost reversalNational security supplemental funding · 2024-04-24Security supplementalFederal Reserve begins 2024 rate cuts · 2024-09-182024 Fed rate cutsSocial Security Fairness Act becomes law · 2025-01-05Social Security benefitsTreasury begins extraordinary measures · 2025-01-21Debt-limit measuresBroad U.S. tariff announcement · 2025-04-02Tariffs / customs receiptsMoody’s lowers the U.S. sovereign credit rating · 2025-05-16Moody’s rating downgrade2025 tax and spending reconciliation law · 2025-07-042025 tax / spending law2025 federal government shutdown · 2025-10-012025 funding lapseSupreme Court rejects IEEPA tariff authority · 2026-02-20Tariff authority ruling● Bills · 283222◆ Presidential actions · 20522■ Executive branch actions · 1622020-01-012026-09-30

64 of 64 reviewed actions shown · 52 date markers.

27 major events shown separately from fiscal readings. Hover to explore; click to pin. Press Escape to clear.

Aug 2026Federal budget deficit: $1.77T

The dollar scale adjusts to the selected measure. Deficit and gross interest sum the selected month and the preceding 11 months, avoiding October resets. For example, August 2026 covers September 2025–August 2026. These overlapping windows smooth seasonal patterns; adjacent points share 11 months. They are not forecasts or fiscal-year totals. Debt is the last available business-day balance for each month. Points align by reporting month, not publication date; actions keep their exact dates. The current month’s debt point may precede month-end. Complete rolling totals begin Feb 2016 for the deficit and Feb 2016 for gross interest, based on the available monthly budget records. Debt history begins in 2005. All 12 calendar months must be present; missing values are not filled.

View monthly data
Selected period · Trillions of nominal dollars
Reporting monthDeficit · previous 12 monthsDebt held by the publicGross interest · previous 12 monthsDebt observation dateSave selected measure
Sep 2026Unavailable$32.36TUnavailable2026-09-10
Aug 2026$1.77T$32.41T$1.36T2026-08-31
Jul 2026$1.95T$32.05T$1.37T2026-07-31
Jun 2026$1.80T$31.68T$1.35T2026-06-30
May 2026$1.66T$31.52T$1.31T2026-05-29
Apr 2026$1.68T$31.27T$1.27T2026-04-30
Mar 2026$1.64T$31.43T$1.26T2026-03-31
Feb 2026$1.63T$31.19T$1.26T2026-02-27
Jan 2026$1.63T$30.92T$1.25T2026-01-30
Dec 2025$1.67T$30.85T$1.26T2025-12-31
Nov 2025$1.61T$30.77T$1.25T2025-11-28
Oct 2025$1.80T$30.57T$1.24T2025-10-31
Sep 2025$1.78T$30.28T$1.22T2025-09-30
Aug 2025$1.91T$29.97T$1.21T2025-08-29
Jul 2025$1.94T$29.53T$1.19T2025-07-31
Jun 2025$1.90T$28.95T$1.19T2025-06-30
May 2025$1.99T$28.95T$1.18T2025-05-30
Apr 2025$2.02T$28.85T$1.19T2025-04-30
Mar 2025$2.07T$28.91T$1.19T2025-03-31
Feb 2025$2.15T$28.91T$1.18T2025-02-28
Jan 2025$2.14T$28.91T$1.17T2025-01-31
Dec 2024$2.03T$28.84T$1.15T2024-12-31
Nov 2024$2.07T$28.79T$1.13T2024-11-29
Oct 2024$2.02T$28.57T$1.13T2024-10-31
Sep 2024$1.83T$28.31T$1.13T2024-09-30
Aug 2024$2.06T$28.17T$1.12T2024-08-30
Jul 2024$1.59T$27.93T$1.11T2024-07-31
Jun 2024$1.57T$27.61T$1.09T2024-06-28
May 2024$1.73T$27.61T$1.08T2024-05-31
Apr 2024$1.63T$27.48T$1.04T2024-04-30
Mar 2024$1.66T$27.51T$1.02T2024-03-29
Feb 2024$1.80T$27.38T$1.01T2024-02-29
Jan 2024$1.77T$27.07T$0.98T2024-01-31
Dec 2023$1.78T$26.94T$0.96T2023-12-29
Nov 2023$1.74T$26.84T$0.95T2023-11-30
Oct 2023$1.67T$26.58T$0.92T2023-10-31
Sep 2023$1.70T$26.33T$0.88T2023-09-29
Aug 2023$1.95T$26.04T$0.85T2023-08-31
Jul 2023$2.26T$25.71T$0.85T2023-07-31
Jun 2023$2.25T$25.46T$0.85T2023-06-30
May 2023$2.11T$24.63T$0.82T2023-05-31
Apr 2023$1.94T$24.61T$0.83T2023-04-28
Mar 2023$1.81T$24.69T$0.81T2023-03-31
Feb 2023$1.62T$24.61T$0.79T2023-02-28
Jan 2023$1.58T$24.58T$0.78T2023-01-31
Dec 2022$1.42T$24.52T$0.77T2022-12-30
Nov 2022$1.36T$24.55T$0.77T2022-11-30
Oct 2022$1.30T$24.35T$0.75T2022-10-31
Sep 2022$1.38T$24.30T$0.72T2022-09-30
Aug 2022$1.01T$24.27T$0.72T2022-08-31
Jul 2022$0.96T$23.95T$0.68T2022-07-29
Jun 2022$1.05T$23.91T$0.66T2022-06-30
May 2022$1.13T$23.90T$0.67T2022-05-31
Apr 2022$1.20T$23.85T$0.64T2022-04-29
Mar 2022$1.73T$23.88T$0.62T2022-03-31
Feb 2022$2.20T$23.78T$0.61T2022-02-28
Jan 2022$2.30T$23.49T$0.60T2022-01-31
Dec 2021$2.58T$23.14T$0.58T2021-12-31
Nov 2021$2.70T$22.65T$0.56T2021-11-30
Oct 2021$2.65T$22.64T$0.56T2021-10-29
Sep 2021$2.77T$22.28T$0.56T2021-09-30
Aug 2021$2.84T$22.25T$0.56T2021-08-31
Jul 2021$2.86T$22.28T$0.55T2021-07-30
Jun 2021$2.63T$22.33T$0.54T2021-06-30
May 2021$3.32T$22.02T$0.51T2021-05-28
Apr 2021$3.58T$22.06T$0.49T2021-04-30
Mar 2021$4.09T$21.99T$0.48T2021-03-31
Feb 2021$3.55T$21.76T$0.49T2021-02-26
Jan 2021$3.48T$21.64T$0.49T2021-01-29
Dec 2020$3.35T$21.63T$0.49T2020-12-31
Nov 2020$3.22T$21.35T$0.51T2020-11-30
Oct 2020$3.28T$21.10T$0.51T2020-10-30
Sep 2020$3.13T$21.02T$0.52T2020-09-30
Aug 2020$2.92T$20.82T$0.52T2020-08-31
Jul 2020$2.92T$20.63T$0.51T2020-07-31
Jun 2020$2.98T$20.53T$0.52T2020-06-30
May 2020$2.13T$19.81T$0.56T2020-05-29
Apr 2020$1.93T$19.05T$0.58T2020-04-30
Mar 2020$1.04T$17.67T$0.58T2020-03-31
Feb 2020$1.06T$17.41T$0.58T2020-02-28
Jan 2020$1.06T$17.21T$0.57T2020-01-31
How events are selected

Curated fiscal context from 2005 through 2026-09-13. Each event has a dated primary source and a plausible connection to revenues, spending, borrowing or financing costs. Selection does not depend on whether the plotted measures moved afterward. Entries distinguish enacted policy, reported accounting changes, credit assessments and estimated effects. Some dates mark reports or accounting months rather than the start of an episode. Borrowing authority is not new spending; a credit downgrade is not a default. The 12-month totals spread a one-month event across overlapping windows, so markers need not line up with turning points. Events do not increase government-action counts. Some historical events precede the saved monthly budget data.

What makes up the deficit?

The deficit is the gap between all federal spending and revenue. Programs account for spending; taxes and other receipts finance it. No individual program owns a fixed share of the deficit.

FY2026 through Aug 2026 · Compared with FY2025 through Aug 2025. These are fiscal-year-to-date actuals, separate from the rolling 12-month timeline.

Total spending$6.81T

Net budget outlays

Minus revenue$4.85T

Taxes and other receipts

Budget deficit$1.97T

Spending minus revenue

Change in the budget gap: −$7.7B. Positive means a wider deficit; negative means a narrower deficit or larger surplus. The change columns below show how spending and revenue account for this difference.

How much of the deficit comes from interest?

Separate the gap in spending before interest from the net cost of servicing debt.

Fiscal year to date · FY2026 through Aug 2026 · Uses “Budget through” above.

Primary deficit$0.95T

Spending excluding net interest, minus revenue

Net interest$1.02T

Interest after receipts and offsets

Total deficit$1.97T

All spending minus all revenue

Primary deficitNet interestTotal deficit0

$0.95T + $1.02T = $1.97T. Positive means deficit; negative means surplus. Net interest reconciles with the budget; the headline’s gross interest measure is broader and is not used in this equation.

What changed the deficit?

Follow the changes from the comparison period to the selected period. A large program can still narrow the deficit when it spends less than before.

FY2025 through Aug 2025 → FY2026 through Aug 2026. Uses the Budget through and Compare with controls above.

$7.7B narrower deficitPositive balance = deficit · Negative balance = surplus

Period totalsWidens deficitNarrows deficit
Budget balance · $ billions010362073$1,973.3BComparisonperiod−$190.4BIndividualincome taxes+$94.8BCorporateincome taxes+$83.5BNetinterest−$83.1BEducation &social services+$78.5BSocialSecurity−$53.7BEmployment &retirementreceipts+$169.6BOtherwideningchanges−$107.0BOthernarrowingchanges$1,965.6BSelectedperiod
Hover, tap or focus a bar to see the dollar change and why it widens or narrows the deficit.

The six largest changes are shown individually. Remaining increases and decreases are grouped separately so they do not cancel out invisibly. The order highlights size, not when a change occurred. Amounts are fiscal-year-to-date actuals; colors describe the deficit effect, not whether a program is beneficial.

See every change and its calculation
FY2025 through Aug 2025 compared with FY2026 through Aug 2026
CategoryComparison amountSelected amountWhat changedEffect on deficit
Individual Income TaxesRevenue$2,357.6B$2,548.0B$190.4B more revenue → narrows the deficit by $190.4B.−$190.4B
Corporation Income TaxesRevenue$389.6B$294.9B$94.8B less revenue → widens the deficit by $94.8B.+$94.8B
Net InterestSpending$933.5B$1,017.0B$83.5B more spending → widens the deficit by $83.5B.+$83.5B
Education, Training, Employment, and Social ServicesSpending$175.1B$92.0B$83.1B less spending → narrows the deficit by $83.1B.−$83.1B
Social SecuritySpending$1,447.3B$1,525.9B$78.5B more spending → widens the deficit by $78.5B.+$78.5B
Employment and General RetirementRevenue$1,553.2B$1,606.9B$53.7B more revenue → narrows the deficit by $53.7B.−$53.7B
MedicaidSpending$607.8B$655.0B$47.2B more spending → widens the deficit by $47.2B.+$47.2B
Veterans Benefits and ServicesSpending$359.8B$395.6B$35.8B more spending → widens the deficit by $35.8B.+$35.8B
National DefenseSpending$840.6B$876.2B$35.6B more spending → widens the deficit by $35.6B.+$35.6B
Natural Resources and EnvironmentSpending$81.8B$51.9B$29.9B less spending → narrows the deficit by $29.9B.−$29.9B
Administration of JusticeSpending$75.6B$99.4B$23.8B more spending → widens the deficit by $23.8B.+$23.8B
Income SecuritySpending$668.0B$645.2B$22.7B less spending → narrows the deficit by $22.7B.−$22.7B
Community and Regional DevelopmentSpending$78.1B$57.4B$20.8B less spending → narrows the deficit by $20.8B.−$20.8B
MedicareSpending$964.8B$979.3B$14.5B more spending → widens the deficit by $14.5B.+$14.5B
Estate and Gift TaxesRevenue$26.4B$36.0B$9.6B more revenue → narrows the deficit by $9.6B.−$9.6B
Undistributed Offsetting ReceiptsSpending−$138.4B−$145.7B$7.4B less spending → narrows the deficit by $7.4B.−$7.4B
Other healthSpending$277.6B$270.7B$6.9B less spending → narrows the deficit by $6.9B.−$6.9B
Unemployment InsuranceRevenue$53.3B$48.6B$4.7B less revenue → widens the deficit by $4.7B.+$4.7B
Commerce and Housing CreditSpending−$15.1B−$10.5B$4.6B more spending → widens the deficit by $4.6B.+$4.6B
General GovernmentSpending$29.1B$24.8B$4.3B less spending → narrows the deficit by $4.3B.−$4.3B
Customs DutiesRevenue$165.2B$167.3B$2.1B more revenue → narrows the deficit by $2.1B.−$2.1B
General Science, Space, and TechnologySpending$38.1B$36.2B$1.9B less spending → narrows the deficit by $1.9B.−$1.9B
Miscellaneous ReceiptsRevenue$44.6B$43.1B$1.5B less revenue → widens the deficit by $1.5B.+$1.5B
EnergySpending$19.6B$18.4B$1.2B less spending → narrows the deficit by $1.2B.−$1.2B
AgricultureSpending$50.1B$51.0B$0.9B more spending → widens the deficit by $0.9B.+$0.9B
TransportationSpending$125.8B$126.4B$0.6B more spending → widens the deficit by $0.6B.+$0.6B
International AffairsSpending$45.2B$44.9B$0.3B less spending → narrows the deficit by $0.3B.−$0.3B
Excise TaxesRevenue$93.2B$92.9B$0.2B less revenue → widens the deficit by $0.2B.+$0.2B
Other RetirementRevenue$7.9B$7.7B$0.1B less revenue → widens the deficit by $0.1B.+$0.1B
Total change in deficit−$7.7B

Where federal spending goes

Includes every spending function in Treasury’s report. Medicaid is separated from Health when matching detail is available; “Other health” is the remainder. Each dollar appears once.

Non-overlapping spending categories · FY2026 through Aug 2026 · Nominal dollars
CategoryAmountShare Change in budget gap
$1,525.9B
22.4%+$78.5BWidens gap
$1,017.0B
14.9%+$83.5BWidens gap
$979.3B
14.4%+$14.5BWidens gap
$876.2B
12.9%+$35.6BWidens gap
$655.0B
9.6%+$47.2BWidens gap
$645.2B
9.5%−$22.7BNarrows gap
$395.6B
5.8%+$35.8BWidens gap
$270.7B
4.0%−$6.9BNarrows gap
$126.4B
1.9%+$0.6BWidens gap
$99.4B
1.5%+$23.8BWidens gap
$92.0B
1.4%−$83.1BNarrows gap
$57.4B
0.8%−$20.8BNarrows gap
$51.9B
0.8%−$29.9BNarrows gap
$51.0B
0.7%+$0.9BWidens gap
$44.9B
0.7%−$0.3BNarrows gap
$36.2B
0.5%−$1.9BNarrows gap
$24.8B
0.4%−$4.3BNarrows gap
$18.4B
0.3%−$1.2BNarrows gap
−$10.5B
-0.2%+$4.6BWidens gap
−$145.7B
-2.1%−$7.4BNarrows gap
Total net outlays$6,811.0B100%$146.8B

Negative outlays are offsets, recoveries or accounting adjustments. Net interest here differs from the gross interest measure above. Colors describe widening or narrowing the budget gap, not whether a program is beneficial.

Where federal revenue comes from

Income taxes, payroll-related receipts and other sources offset spending. A decline in receipts can widen the deficit even if spending is unchanged.

Revenue sources · FY2026 through Aug 2026 · Nominal dollars
CategoryAmountShare Change in budget gap
$2,548.0B
52.6%−$190.4BNarrows gap
$1,606.9B
33.2%−$53.7BNarrows gap
$294.9B
6.1%+$94.8BWidens gap
$167.3B
3.5%−$2.1BNarrows gap
$92.9B
1.9%+$0.2BWidens gap
$48.6B
1.0%+$4.7BWidens gap
$43.1B
0.9%+$1.5BWidens gap
$36.0B
0.7%−$9.6BNarrows gap
$7.7B
0.2%+$0.1BWidens gap
Total receipts$4,845.5B100%−$154.5B

Treasury Monthly Treasury Statement, Table 9; Medicaid detail from Table 5. Checked 2026-09-13. Each report includes its published prior-year comparison; later vintages can revise amounts. Rounded displayed figures may not sum exactly. Official tables and definitions ↗

Spending, revenue, and debt over time

Compare spending with revenue, or examine the deficit and publicly held debt. Switch to percentage of GDP to compare their size across decades.

Complete fiscal years · FY2005–FY2025 · Trillions of nominal dollars. Negative deficits are surpluses. Annual controls apply only to this chart.

SpendingRevenueShaded gap: deficit / surplus
Annual federal finances · trillions of nominal dollars0.02.65.27.9FY2005 · Spending: $2.47TFY2006 · Spending: $2.66TFY2007 · Spending: $2.73TFY2008 · Spending: $2.98TFY2009 · Spending: $3.52TFY2010 · Spending: $3.46TFY2011 · Spending: $3.60TFY2012 · Spending: $3.53TFY2013 · Spending: $3.45TFY2014 · Spending: $3.51TFY2015 · Spending: $3.69TFY2016 · Spending: $3.85TFY2017 · Spending: $3.98TFY2018 · Spending: $4.11TFY2019 · Spending: $4.45TFY2020 · Spending: $6.55TFY2021 · Spending: $6.82TFY2022 · Spending: $6.27TFY2023 · Spending: $6.13TFY2024 · Spending: $6.75TFY2025 · Spending: $7.01TFY2005 · Revenue: $2.15TFY2006 · Revenue: $2.41TFY2007 · Revenue: $2.57TFY2008 · Revenue: $2.52TFY2009 · Revenue: $2.10TFY2010 · Revenue: $2.16TFY2011 · Revenue: $2.30TFY2012 · Revenue: $2.45TFY2013 · Revenue: $2.78TFY2014 · Revenue: $3.02TFY2015 · Revenue: $3.25TFY2016 · Revenue: $3.27TFY2017 · Revenue: $3.32TFY2018 · Revenue: $3.33TFY2019 · Revenue: $3.46TFY2020 · Revenue: $3.42TFY2021 · Revenue: $4.05TFY2022 · Revenue: $4.90TFY2023 · Revenue: $4.44TFY2024 · Revenue: $4.92TFY2025 · Revenue: $5.23T200520152025

Scroll the chart sideways to see the full timeline.

FY2025Spending: $7.01TRevenue: $5.23TDeficit: $1.78T
View data: Annual federal finances
Full fiscal-year actuals · Trillions of nominal dollars
Fiscal yearSpendingRevenueDeficit (+) / surplus (−)
2025$7.01T$5.23T$1.78T
2024$6.75T$4.92T$1.83T
2023$6.13T$4.44T$1.69T
2022$6.27T$4.90T$1.38T
2021$6.82T$4.05T$2.78T
2020$6.55T$3.42T$3.13T
2019$4.45T$3.46T$0.98T
2018$4.11T$3.33T$0.78T
2017$3.98T$3.32T$0.67T
2016$3.85T$3.27T$0.58T
2015$3.69T$3.25T$0.44T
2014$3.51T$3.02T$0.48T
2013$3.45T$2.78T$0.68T
2012$3.53T$2.45T$1.08T
2011$3.60T$2.30T$1.30T
2010$3.46T$2.16T$1.29T
2009$3.52T$2.10T$1.41T
2008$2.98T$2.52T$0.46T
2007$2.73T$2.57T$0.16T
2006$2.66T$2.41T$0.25T
2005$2.47T$2.15T$0.32T

CBO historical budget data · February 2026 vintage · Actuals through FY2025. Both dollar amounts and published GDP shares use this same source. These annual figures may differ from Treasury report vintages above. Official historical data ↗

How much revenue goes toward interest?

In FY2025, net interest was equivalent to $18.5 of every $100 collected in federal revenue.

Complete fiscal years · Percent of federal revenue · Net interest, not gross interest.

Net interest / revenue
Interest share of federal revenue · percent of revenue0.0%6.9%13.8%20.8%FY2005 · Net interest / revenue: 8.5%FY2006 · Net interest / revenue: 9.4%FY2007 · Net interest / revenue: 9.2%FY2008 · Net interest / revenue: 10.0%FY2009 · Net interest / revenue: 8.9%FY2010 · Net interest / revenue: 9.1%FY2011 · Net interest / revenue: 10.0%FY2012 · Net interest / revenue: 9.0%FY2013 · Net interest / revenue: 8.0%FY2014 · Net interest / revenue: 7.6%FY2015 · Net interest / revenue: 6.9%FY2016 · Net interest / revenue: 7.3%FY2017 · Net interest / revenue: 7.9%FY2018 · Net interest / revenue: 9.8%FY2019 · Net interest / revenue: 10.8%FY2020 · Net interest / revenue: 10.1%FY2021 · Net interest / revenue: 8.7%FY2022 · Net interest / revenue: 9.7%FY2023 · Net interest / revenue: 14.8%FY2024 · Net interest / revenue: 17.9%FY2025 · Net interest / revenue: 18.5%200520152025

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FY2025Net interest / revenue: 18.5%
View data: Interest share of federal revenue
Full fiscal-year actuals · Percent of revenue
Fiscal yearNet interest / revenue
202518.5%
202417.9%
202314.8%
20229.7%
20218.7%
202010.1%
201910.8%
20189.8%
20177.9%
20167.3%
20156.9%
20147.6%
20138.0%
20129.0%
201110.0%
20109.1%
20098.9%
200810.0%
20079.2%
20069.4%
20058.5%

Calculated from CBO annual net interest and revenue, February 2026 vintage. Official historical data ↗

How is federal spending decided?

Budget categories describe how spending is authorized. A program or department can contain more than one type of spending.

Complete fiscal year · FY2025 · Actual outlays. This annual selection is independent of the Treasury fiscal-year-to-date tables.

Mandatory $4.17T

59.5% of total net outlays

Spending generally determined by eligibility and benefit rules in law, including major benefit programs. Congress can change those laws. Its large share means moderate changes can materially affect total spending.

Discretionary $1.87T

26.7% of total net outlays

Spending generally funded through annual appropriations, including defense and many public services. Appropriations provide authority; actual cash outlays can occur over several years.

Net interest $0.97T

13.8% of total net outlays

Interest costs after receipts and offsets. Debt levels, rates and financing choices affect this cost. It is shown separately from mandatory and discretionary programs.

Mandatory totals include offsetting receipts. Negative offsets reduce spending; they are not counted again as revenue. Some early program amounts are not reported in the source; they are not displayed as zero. CBO’s classifications differ from Treasury’s spending functions above. Official categories and historical amounts ↗

Which budget categories are growing?

Select a category here, or select its name in the spending and revenue tables above.

Complete fiscal years · FY2015–FY2025 · Trillions of nominal dollars. September reports cover the full fiscal year. The partial current year is excluded.

Social Security
Social Security history · trillions of nominal dollars0.00.61.21.8FY2015 · Social Security: $0.89T · Share of total spending: 24.1%FY2016 · Social Security: $0.92T · Share of total spending: 23.8%FY2017 · Social Security: $0.94T · Share of total spending: 23.7%FY2018 · Social Security: $0.99T · Share of total spending: 24.0%FY2019 · Social Security: $1.04T · Share of total spending: 23.5%FY2020 · Social Security: $1.10T · Share of total spending: 16.7%FY2021 · Social Security: $1.13T · Share of total spending: 16.6%FY2022 · Social Security: $1.22T · Share of total spending: 19.4%FY2023 · Social Security: $1.35T · Share of total spending: 22.1%FY2024 · Social Security: $1.46T · Share of total spending: 21.6%FY2025 · Social Security: $1.58T · Share of total spending: 22.5%201520202025

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FY2025Social Security: $1.58TShare of total spending: 22.5%
View data: Social Security history
Full fiscal-year actuals · Trillions of nominal dollars
Fiscal yearSocial SecurityShare of total spending
2025$1.58T22.5%
2024$1.46T21.6%
2023$1.35T22.1%
2022$1.22T19.4%
2021$1.13T16.6%
2020$1.10T16.7%
2019$1.04T23.5%
2018$0.99T24.0%
2017$0.94T23.7%
2016$0.92T23.8%
2015$0.89T24.1%

Share is the category’s amount divided by total federal net spending in the same fiscal year. Negative shares reflect offsets or recoveries. A missing amount or total is shown as unavailable.

Treasury MTS Table 9; Medicaid detail from Table 5. Available full-year snapshots begin FY2015. Health and Other health are different definitions: Health includes Medicaid; Other health excludes it. Credit reestimates, offsets and reporting revisions can produce negative amounts or sharp changes. Official Treasury tables ↗

Where is the federal budget headed?

Explore CBO’s official baseline for the deficit, publicly held debt, and net interest.

Projections only · Full fiscal years · Published February 11, 2026. Dashed lines distinguish these estimates from the actuals elsewhere on this page.

Debt held by the public
CBO fiscal outlook · percent of GDP · projections0.0%44.9%89.8%134.6%FY2026 · Debt held by the public: 100.6% (projected)FY2027 · Debt held by the public: 102.1% (projected)FY2028 · Debt held by the public: 104.1% (projected)FY2029 · Debt held by the public: 105.8% (projected)FY2030 · Debt held by the public: 107.7% (projected)FY2031 · Debt held by the public: 109.6% (projected)FY2032 · Debt held by the public: 111.5% (projected)FY2033 · Debt held by the public: 114.0% (projected)FY2034 · Debt held by the public: 116.2% (projected)FY2035 · Debt held by the public: 118.0% (projected)FY2036 · Debt held by the public: 120.2% (projected)202620312036

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FY2036 projectedDebt held by the public: 120.2%
View data: CBO fiscal outlook
CBO projections · Percent of GDP
Fiscal yearDebt held by the public
2036120.2%
2035118.0%
2034116.2%
2033114.0%
2032111.5%
2031109.6%
2030107.7%
2029105.8%
2028104.1%
2027102.1%
2026100.6%

Baseline incorporates laws in place January 14, 2026; the economic forecast reflects trade policy as of November 20, 2025 and economic developments and laws as of December 3, 2025. Later policies and actual results are not automatically incorporated. Amounts use the unadjusted annual budget tables; payment-date shifts can affect individual fiscal years.

Sources and projection methods

February 2026 baseline. Net interest differs from the gross interest headline. GDP shares use CBO’s published ratios when available; omitted deficit ratios in CBO’s machine-readable file are calculated using the same-year GDP implied by its public-debt level and GDP share. Those derived ratios are approximate because the source ratio is rounded. No projected observation is appended to the historical charts.

CBO report and assumptions ↗ · Official projection tables ↗

What incumbents are proposing

Explore how current members of Congress are sponsoring bills related to federal deficits, debt, and interest costs. This uses the same reviewed bill records as the timeline, grouped by primary sponsor.

28 matching bills · 20 sponsors. Filters here apply to this section only.

Rep. Andy Biggs

2 bills

U.S. representative for AZ · Arizona

2 pending
View bills sponsored by Rep. Andy Biggs

H.Res. 631 · Recorded bill date: Aug 5, 2025

Recognizing the national debt as a threat to national security.

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

This resolution recognizes that the national debt is a threat to national security and that deficits are unsustainable, irresponsible, and dangerous. It also commits to (1) restoring regular order to the appropriations process, and (2) addressing the fiscal crisis faced by the United States.

Referred to the Committee on the Budget, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.

Related to: Debt held by the public

H.J.Res. 2 · Recorded bill date: Jan 3, 2025

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

This joint resolution proposes a constitutional amendment that prohibits total outlays for any fiscal year from exceeding total receipts for that fiscal year. The amendment also prohibits (1) increases to the federal debt limit, and (2) a bill that increases revenue from becoming law unless the bill has been approved by two-thirds of each chamber of Congress with a roll call vote.

Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.

Related to: Debt held by the public

Rep. Andy Harris

1 bill

U.S. representative for MD · Maryland

1 pending
View bills sponsored by Rep. Andy Harris

H.Con.Res. 10 · Recorded bill date: Feb 10, 2025

Emergency Border Control Resolution

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

Emergency Border Control Resolution This concurrent resolution establishes the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2025, sets forth budgetary levels for FY2026-FY2034, and provides reconciliation instructions for legislation that increases or decreases the deficit and increases the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. The resolution recommends levels and amounts for FY2025-FY2034 for federal revenues, new budget authority, budget outlays, deficits (on-budget), debt subject to limit, debt held by the public, and the major functional categories of spending. The resolution includes reconciliation instructions that direct several House committees to submit legislation that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. The committees must submit the legislation to the House Budget Committee by February 27, 2025. (Under current law, reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.) Finally, the resolution specifies that it is the policy of this resolution that (1) federal spending levels should be restored to the levels that existed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, adjusted to protect current Social Security and Medicare spending and reflect existing debt service obligations; and (2) it shall be the objective of the House to reach total budget outlays of $6.057 trillion or less this fiscal year.

Referred to the House Committee on the Budget.

Related to: Debt held by the public

Rep. Claudia Tenney

1 bill

U.S. representative for NY · New York

1 pending
View bills sponsored by Rep. Claudia Tenney

H.R. 1216 · Recorded bill date: Feb 11, 2025

Defund Government-Sponsored Propaganda Act

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

Defund Government-Sponsored Propaganda Act This bill prohibits federal funding of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), National Public Radio (NPR), and any successor organization to PBS or NPR. The prohibition extends to the payment of dues to or the purchase of programming from PBS or NPR by a public broadcast station using federal funds. The bill also directs the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to transfer to the Department of the Treasury for the purpose of reducing the public debt an amount equal to certain funding that would have otherwise been provided to PBS or NPR in FY2025-FY2027.

Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

Related to: Debt held by the public

Rep. David Schweikert

2 bills

U.S. representative for AZ · Arizona

2 pending
View bills sponsored by Rep. David Schweikert

H.R. 3785 · Recorded bill date: Jun 5, 2025

Forgotten Funds Act

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

Forgotten Funds Act This bill rescinds the unobligated balances of discretionary appropriations that were provided for FY2021 or any previous fiscal year. It also requires the rescinded funds to be deposited into the Treasury for the sole purpose of deficit reduction.

Referred to the House Committee on Appropriations.

Related to: Federal budget deficit

H.R. 402 · Recorded bill date: Jan 14, 2025

DEBT Act

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

Debt Explanation Before Taxwriters Act or the DEBT Act This bill requires the Secretary of the Treasury to appear before the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee before the federal debt limit is reached or extraordinary measures are taken to prevent the United States from defaulting on its obligations. The term extraordinary measures generally refers to a series of actions that the Department of the Treasury may implement to allow the United States to borrow additional funds without exceeding the debt limit. The measures generally include suspensions or delays of debt sales and suspensions or redemptions of investments in certain government funds. The bill requires the Secretary of the Treasury to appear before the committees to provide a detailed explanation of (1) the extraordinary measures that Treasury will take and the administrative costs of taking the measures, and (2) any reversal of such measures and any other changes in the funding of federal government obligations.

Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means.

Related to: Debt held by the public

Rep. Eugene Vindman

1 bill

U.S. representative for VA · Virginia

1 pending
View bills sponsored by Rep. Eugene Vindman

H.R. 1973 · Recorded bill date: Mar 10, 2025

No Pay for Congress During Default or Shutdown Act

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

No Pay for Congress During Default or Shutdown Act This bill withholds or eliminates the pay of Members of Congress for any day that the public debt limit is reached or there is a government shutdown. During the 119th Congress, any salary earned by Members during these events must be held in escrow and released on the last day of that Congress. For subsequent Congresses, a Member shall not be paid for any day that these events occur. (Some exceptions apply.)

Referred to the Committee on House Administration, and in addition to the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.

Related to: Debt held by the public

Rep. Jodey C. Arrington

3 bills

U.S. representative for TX · Texas

2 pending1 status unclear
View bills sponsored by Rep. Jodey C. Arrington

H.Con.Res. 113 · Recorded bill date: Jul 18, 2026

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2027 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2028 through 2036.

Passed House

Read summary & latest status

This concurrent resolution establishes the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2027, sets forth budgetary levels for FY2028-FY2036, and provides reconciliation instructions for legislation that increases the deficit. The resolution recommends levels and amounts for FY2027-FY2036 for federal revenues, new budget authority, budget outlays, deficits (on-budget), debt subject to limit, debt held by the public, and the major functional categories of spending. The resolution includes reconciliation instructions that direct the House Agriculture Committee, the House Armed Services Committee, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the House Administration Committee to submit recommendations for legislation that will increase the deficit over FY2027-FY2036 by not more than specified amounts. Each committee must submit the recommendations to the House Budget Committee by September 11, 2026. (Under current law, reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.) In addition, the resolution establishes a reserve fund that allows certain adjustments to committee allocations and other budgetary levels to accommodate reconciliation legislation. Finally, the resolution sets forth budget enforcement procedures that address issues such as adjustments to committee allocations and other budgetary levels; the budgetary treatment of the discretionary administrative expenses for the Social Security Administration and the U.S. Postal Service; emergency spending; and additional adjustments for disaster relief, wildfire suppression, health care fraud and abuse control, continuing disability reviews and redeterminations, and reemployment services and eligibility assessments.

Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 468.

Related to: Debt held by the public

H.R. 5305 · Recorded bill date: Sep 11, 2025

Congressional MRA Act

Introduced

Read summary & latest status

Congressional Money Returned to America Act or the Congressional MRA Act This bill requires funds that were provided to House offices for the Members' Representational Allowance (MRA) and remain in the MRA account after all payments for the year are made to be deposited in the Treasury and used for deficit or debt reduction. The MRA is an allowance that Members of the House of Representatives receive each year to operate their offices. It must be used to support official and representational duties and may not be used for personal or campaign purposes. Annual appropriations acts that fund the legislative branch have generally included a provision that requires unused amounts remaining in the MRA to be used for deficit reduction or to reduce the federal debt. This bill makes this requirement permanent.

Referred to the House Committee on House Administration.

Related to: Federal budget deficit · Debt held by the public

H.Con.Res. 14 · Recorded bill date: Feb 18, 2025

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.

passed congress

Read summary & latest status

This concurrent resolution establishes the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2025, sets forth budgetary levels for FY2026-FY2034, and provides reconciliation instructions for legislation that increases or decreases the deficit and increases the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. The resolution recommends levels and amounts for FY2025-FY2034 for The resolution includes reconciliation instructions that direct 11 House committees to submit legislation that will increase or decrease the deficit over FY2025-FY2034 and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. The committees must submit the legislation to the House Budget Committee by March 27, 2025. (Under current law, reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.) In addition, the resolution establishes a reserve fund that allows certain adjustments to committee allocations and other budgetary levels to accommodate reconciliation legislation. The resolution also requires the maximum deficit increase permitted by the reconciliation instruction for the House Ways and Means Committee ($4.5 trillion in the resolution) to be reduced if the proposals submitted by certain committees do not achieve a total of at least $2 trillion in net deficit reduction (or increased if more than $2 trillion in deficit reduction is achieved). Finally, the resolution sets forth budget enforcement procedures that address issues such as adjustments to committee allocations and the budgetary treatment of the discretionary administrative expenses for the Social Security Administration and the U.S. Postal Service.

Star Print ordered on the reported concurrent resolution.

Related to: Federal budget deficit · Debt held by the public

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What sponsorship tells us

A primary sponsor introduces a bill. These counts exclude cosponsors and count each bill once per sponsor. A House bill and its Senate companion remain separate bills. Passing one chamber does not mean a bill became law.

Coverage is limited to the reviewed current-officeholder bills retained for this fact. “Current” reflects the source collection’s review, not a live check. Bill dates may be introduction dates. Counts do not measure policy effectiveness, support for a particular outcome, or an effect on the deficit, debt, or interest costs. The timeline’s date and action filters do not limit this section.

Related actions

64 results · Newest first

Timeline dates, action type, status and search apply to this list. Select a record to read its summary above.

1–12 of 64

Records combine the reviewed deficit, debt, and interest collections. An action linked to more than one fact is counted once. All three activity types are included; this is not every government action. Dates and statuses are as recorded; a bill date may be its introduction date. A nearby fiscal movement does not establish a causal effect.

Understanding deficit, debt, and interest

Deficit is a flow; debt is a balance

The deficit is spending minus receipts over a period. Debt is outstanding borrowing at a point in time. Deficits often require borrowing, but cash balances and other financing transactions mean debt changes need not equal the deficit exactly.

Interest is a cost, not a rate

This Treasury line measures gross interest outlays on public debt, including government-account holdings. It is broader than net interest and does not apply only to publicly held debt. Dividing it by the publicly held debt series would not give a comparable effective interest rate.

Compare the same fiscal months

The fiscal year runs October through September. An August cumulative amount covers eleven months; an October amount covers one. The annual reset is not debt forgiveness or a sudden spending reduction. Payment schedules also make monthly patterns uneven.

Sources & methods

Annual GDP comparisons, net-interest burden and spending classifications use CBO’s February 2026 historical budget dataset, actuals through FY2025. The outlook uses CBO’s February 11, 2026 baseline, with publication and policy cutoffs shown in that section. Category histories use full-year September Treasury reports. Sources and units are linked beside each section; these annual datasets are not spliced into the monthly timeline.

Event and action costs are individually reviewed against official primary sources. Each figure identifies its measure, time period, scope, source date and direct citation. Estimates retain their historical baseline and bill version; proposals, appropriations, actual costs and loan-accounting entries are labeled separately. Figures with different scopes or overlapping programs must not be added together. No verified figure means no amount is shown; it does not mean zero cost. These figures do not change the Treasury observations on the chart.

Treasury Monthly Treasury Statement Table 1 supplies monthly deficits and the fiscal-year-to-date readings shown at the top. Table 5 supplies monthly and fiscal-year-to-date “Total--Interest on the Public Debt” gross outlays. The charts sum 12 reported monthly amounts before filtering the displayed date range; they do not sum cumulative fiscal-year-to-date amounts. Debt to the Penny supplies debt held by the public, sampled at the last available business day per month.

Amounts are converted from dollars to trillions. No seasonal or inflation adjustment is applied. Each budget point retains that month’s reported vintage; later revisions can change historical amounts. Missing observations remain unavailable. This saved snapshot was checked 2026-09-12 and does not refresh live.

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